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Philip Flashcards

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1
Q

Where was Philip held hostage in his youth?

A

Thebes

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2
Q

Where did Philip live whilst in Thebes?

A

In the house of a renowned Theban general

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3
Q

What did Philip gain whilst in Thebes?

A

A philosophical, military and diplomatic education

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4
Q

Who was threatening Macedon when Philip came to the throne in 359?

A

Illyria, Paeonia, Thrace and Athens

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5
Q

How was Illyria a threat when Philip came to the throne in 359?

A

They had wiped out the Macedonian army in a recent war

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6
Q

How were Paeonia and Thrace a threat when Philip came to the throne in 359?

A

They were neighbouring kingdoms who wanted to expand

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7
Q

How was Athens a threat when Philip came to the throne in 359?

A

They wanted to depose Philip and put Argaeus on the throne instead

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8
Q

Why did Athens dispatch 3000 hoplites to Methone in 359?

A

They wanted to recover Amphipolis from Sparta

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9
Q

What was the Battle of Methone in 359?

A

The fighting between Macedonian and Athenians after Argaeus failed to take Aegae (old capital of Macedon)

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10
Q

What happened at the Battle of Methone in 359?

A

Aegaeus and many Athenian troops and mercenaries were killed

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11
Q

What did Philip do to pacify Athens after the Battle of Methone in 359?

A

Released the Athenian prisoners and withdrew from Amphipolis and declared it autonomous

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12
Q

How did Philip make peace with the Paeonians and Thracians at the start of his reign?

A

Through gifts and generous promises

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13
Q

What did Philip do soon after making peace with the Paeonians and why?

A

He attacked them because their king had died, making the vulnerable

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14
Q

How did Philip deal with the threat from Illyria at the start of his reign?

A

He defeated them in battle and forced them to withdraw from all Macedonian cities

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15
Q

What did Philip do in 357 whilst Athens was involved in the Social War?

A

Conquer Amphipolis and Pydna and ally with Olynthus

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16
Q

What did Philip do to ally with Olynthus?

A

Conquer and give Potidaea to them

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17
Q

What did Philip do to appease Athens when he conquered Potidaea?

A

He treated the garrison there well and sent them safely back to Athens

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18
Q

Why did both Philip and Athens want to control Amphipolis, Pydna, Olynthus and Potidaea?

A

They were important for the grain supply from the Black Sea

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19
Q

How did Philip reform his infantry?

A

He made the Macedonian phalanx deeper and equipped them with light armour and a sarissa (very long sharp stick)

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20
Q

What military units besides infantry did Philip reform/create?

A

The hypaspists (elite shock troops), the light armed spearmen and archers, and the Agrianes (very light mountain troops)

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21
Q

What may have inspired Philip’s military reforms

A

Things he saw in Thebes

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22
Q

What equipment did Philip develop for his military to use?

A

Siege equipment

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23
Q

What practices from Persia did Philip copy?

A

He accumulated wealth so he could buy anything he needed and created a new layer of aristocracy loyal to him by educating (holding hostage) their sons in his court

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24
Q

What was the inner circle Philip created called?

A

His companions

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25
What city did Philip begin besieging in c. 354?
Methone
26
What happened during the Siege of Methone in c. 354?
The siege lasted for about a year and Philip lost an eye
27
Why was the Siege of Methone a significant victory for Philip?
It was the last of Athens' possessions in the area
28
What caused the Third Sacred War 356-346?
The Phocians refused to pay a fine ordered by the Amphictyonic League after they illegally cultivated sacred land
29
What was the Amphictyonic League?
A pan-Hellenic religious organisation that governed the temple of Apollo at Delphi (the most sacred site in Greece)
30
Why did the Phocians not pay the fine for cultivating sacred land and what did they do instead?
They couldn't afford it so seized Delphi and plundered the shrine to cover the costs of war
31
Why did Philip get involved in the Third Sacred War in 354?
Thessaly asked him for help against Pherae (one of their dependent states) who had allied with Phocis
32
What threat did Pherae and Phocis pose to Thessaly in 354?
Phocis had sent 7,000 men to aid Pherae against Thessaly
33
How did Philip respond to Phocis sending 7,000 men to Pherae?
He repelled them before they could join up with the Phereans
34
How did Phocis respond to Philip repelling their men sent to Thessaly in 354?
They sent the whole force to Thessaly to attack Philip
35
What happened when the whole Phocian force met Philip in Thessaly in 354?
Philip suffered two costly defeats and retreated to Macedon for the winter
36
What did Philip do in 353 after recovering from his defeat by the Phocians?
He returned to Thessaly and re-assembled his forces before fighting the Battle of Crocus Field
37
What happened at the Battle of Crocus Field in 353?
Philip and the Thessalians were victorious, many Phocians including their general were killed
38
Why was the Battle of Crocus Field in 353 a significant victory for Philip?
It earned his great prestige and he was made archon of Thessaly
39
What did being archon of Thessaly mean for Philip?
It gave him control over all their revenues and made him the leader of the united Thessalian army
40
Where did Philip march to in 352 and why?
The pass at Thermopylae, he wanted to follow up his victory over the Phocians by invading Phocis itself
41
What stopped Philip advancing into Greece in 352?
Athens quickly sent a force to Thermopylae to block the pass
42
How did Philip ensure he had the funds he needed for his expansionist projects?
He targeted towns that were rich in in natural resources and/or mines
43
How and why did Philip take control of Crenides in 356?
He established a powerful garrison to control its mines
44
Who did Philip besiege in 348 and why?
Olynthus, he wanted to conquer the whole Chalcidic peninsula and Olynthus had allied with Athens out of fear of this
45
What happened during the Siege of Olynthus in 348?
The city was betrayed from within so the siege was very short
46
How did Athens respond to Philip's siege of Olynthus in 348?
They were deeply concerned about the consequences for the grain supply and sent military assistance but it was too late
47
Why did Philip get involved in the Third Sacred War again in 346?
Thebes asked him for help
48
Who was involved in the Sacred War by 346?
Athens and Sparta were supporting Phocis and Thebes and Thessaly were opposing them
49
How did Philip end the Third Sacred War in 346?
He intimidated the Phocians and their mercenaries into surrendering
50
What did Philip gain as a result of ending the Sacred War in 346?
He was given Phocis votes/place on the Amphictyonic Council and was recognised as Greek by being appointed to organise the Pythian games at Delphi
51
How many times was Philip married?
7
52
How many of Philip's marriages were for political gain?
6
53
Where was Philip's last wife from and why did he marry her?
Macedon, possibly for love or a full Macedonian heir
54
Where did Philip marry women from to secure his borders?
* Illyria (neighbour) * Elimeia (Upper Macedonia) * Pherae (Thessaly) * Epirus (neighbour) * Larissa (Thessaly) * Odessos (Thrace)
55
What did Philip's marriage of Illyria mean for his relations with them?
Not much, he still invaded in 358 and crushed them
56
Which of Philip's marriages was most significant and why?
His marriage to Olympias of Epirus because she gave birth to his son and heir Alexander in 356
57
Why did Athens send a delegation to Macedon in 346?
To negotiate a peace treaty with Philip
58
Why did Athens seek a peace treaty with Philip in 346?
Philip had conquered most towns on the Chalcidic peninsula and they realised Thermopylae could no longer be defended
59
How long did it take for the Peace of Philocrates to be agreed and why?
A frustratingly long time because Philip was away or otherwise engaged most of the time
60
What did the Peace of Philocrates entail?
Nothing much other than reiterating the status quo such as Philip claiming Amphipolis
61
What was the problem with the Peace of Philocrates?
It was very fragile and the sincerity of Philip's assurances to Athens were questioned
62
Where did Philip start military operations in 343?
Thrace
63
Why did Philip invade Thrace in 343?
To stop the incursions made by the king of Thrace on the Chersonese (Athenian owned region near the Hellespont)
64
How long did Philip's Thracian campaign last and what was its significance?
3 years, it was one of Philip's most difficult campaigns
65
What did Philip do after beating the Thracians in battle?
Imposed tax on them and founded several cities to stop further trouble
66
How did Athens respond to Philip's actions in Thrace?
They became quite anxious and were persuaded by Demosthenes to send a general to the Chersonese
67
How did Philip respond to Athens sending troops to Thrace?
He was enraged and sent a letter to Athens demanding the immediate withdrawal of their troops
68
Who did Philip start besieging in 341?
Perinthus and Byzantium (near the Black Sea)
69
Why were Perinthus and Byzantium of strategic importance?
They controlled sea passage from the Mediterranean to the Black sea, and from Europe to Asia
70
Who unexpectedly intervened in Philip's sieges of Perinthus and Byzantium?
The king of Persia, Artaxerxes III
71
How did Artaxerxes III get involved in the sieges of Perinthus and Byzantium?
He had reinforcements sent to Perinthus and Byzantium, prolonging the siege
72
Why did Philip have to withdraw from Perinthus and Byzantium in 430?
Athens claimed that he had broken the Peace of Philocrates and declared war on him
73
Why did Athens declare war on Philip in 430?
They imported food from the Black Sea so couldn't allow him to obtain a stronghold in Perinthus or Byzantium
74
Why did Philip march into Phocis in 339?
The Amphictyonic League had invited him to conduct a Fourth Sacred War against Amphissa in Phocis
75
Why did Philip's advance into Phocis in 339 cause alarm at Athens?
They considered Phocis as a key post in southern Greece
76
How did Athens respond to Philip's advance into Phocis in 339?
Demosthenes convinced Thebes to ally with Athens against Philip at the Battle of Chaeronea
77
What happened at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338?
Philip won a decisive victory
78
What was created in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Chaeronea in 338?
The League of Corinth was formed
79
What was significant about the League of Corinth for the Greek states?
It was the first time all of them (except Sparta) were part of the same political entity
80
What did members of the League of Corinth do?
Maintain an army enlisted from all members in approximate proportion to their size
81
What was Philip's role in the League of Corinth?
He was its hegemon
82
What is Philip's reason for creating the League of Corinth assumed to be?
To wage war on Persia
83
What stopped Philip from waging war on Persia?
He was assassinated in 336

Ancient History Greece (9 decks)

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