Philip II 1556 - 98 Flashcards
Evidence of reform before 1556
- Cisneros founded Uni at Alcala 1499 + reformed Franciscan order
- rigid orthodoxy enforced by 1547 Toledo statute (limpieza de sangre est.) -> racial purity which was enforced by Philip ratifying statute 1556
- Inquisition active since 1478 so were alert to and dealt with any threats of major heresy
Remaining issues by 1556
- uneducated laity (abuses), Barcelona 1549 6/67 parish priests resident
- superstition still rife, emergence of illuminism 1520s-40s
What were the autos de fe trials?
1559-62, prot cells found in Valladolid + Seville, 278 prosecuted + 77 burned (280 under Mary in England)
Philip did not attend, less than 6 burnings after 1562
How did Philip reduce foreign influence in Spain?
- 1559 Index created 670 books inc. Erasmus, grew to >33,000 by 1584 inc Machiavelli, Dante but difficult to enforce only extended past Castile 1590 + Philip owned prohibited titles
- Nov. 1559 students living abroad recalled back to Spain but couldn’t be enforced
Examples of Philip utilising Inquisition
Dictated that focus should be on clerical standards as Zaragoza + Valencia tribunals (1576-90), over half arrested were ordinary catholics
Enforced Philips policies on Moriscos 1560s + 70s
But influence overestimated, 45 Inquisitors for 8 million Spaniards, torture only used 10% of the time,
How did Philip support the Council of Trent?
Over 100 spanish theologians attended 3rd Trent session (1562-63), Philips 1st ruler to promulgate decrees 1564 but checked to ensure they did not infringe on his rights
Evidence of religious reforming policies under Philip
- 7 new dioceses, reforming bishops promoted eg. Ribera in Valencia 1568
- supported Teresa of Avila to set up Discalced Carmelites, 80 houses by 1598
- supported use of Latin Vulgate bible , intro of Missal (1570) + Breviary (1572)
- 42% increase in those able recite Lords prayer in Toledo 1555 - 1600
Limitations of Philips religious policies
- great regional variation eg. Galicia saw little improvement to clerical standards/dogma
- resistance to est. of seminaries on grounds of cost, only 20 from 1564, Toledo richest diocese in Europe
- 1588 Augustinian monks in Catalonia found to be ignorant + illiterate, avoiding mass + publicly dancing w/ women
Philips Morisco policies 1560/70s
- ended use of convivencias
- Moriscos revolt 1568, by 1570 rebels forced into mountains
- forced resettlement of Granadan moriscos 1570s -> 120,000 deaths, 80,000 forced conversions
Position on Conversos
- blood purity laws excluded new Christians for church/gov’t offices
- 1580 annexation of Portugal increased Converso numbers flooding into Spain from Lisbon
- 3200 Converso cases heard 1580-1600 by Inquisition
What actions did Philip take in the Netherlands?
- Calvinism grew in NLs from c.1559
- refusal to grant concessions to prot rebels -> Dutch revolt c. 1567
- by end of reign, 7 united northern provinces lost
BUT retained south
Examples of clashes with the Papacy
- Sept 1556 P. sent army of 12k into Papal states to pr-empt invasion of Naples by Paul IV and Henry II, excommunicated by Paul
- Carranza affair 1559-66, P. challenged papal authority over Spanish bishops
- Clement sided w/ France, formally recognised former prot Henri IV 1594 as king, humiliated P. who fought hard to prevent it
- 1572 denied Spanish subjects right of appeal to Rome
Evidence of Philip helping wider Cath. Ref
- 1571, led major naval victory against Turks at Lepanto, co-operation w/ Pius V (Holy League)
- 1580 P. united Iberian peninsula, preventing heresy spreading there, inc. Brazil, W. Africa + Azores
-1559 Peace of Cateau Cambresis, ended Italian Wars (which distracted secular leaders), P. wanted religiously united France
Evidence of Philip hindering wider Cath. Ref
- 1588 Armada invasion, heavy presence of Clerics (180), but failed so great propaganda win for prot.s
- 1557 P. launched mini offensive against French at St Quentin + tried to engineer daughter as heir to French throne after Henry III death 1589 ( secular ambitions)
