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Question 1

Epistemology

Answer 1

Study the question/ What is knowledge?

Question 2

Skepticism

Answer 2

We can have no true knowledge concerning the world.

Question 3

Empiricism

Answer 3

We may have knowledge concerning the world ONLY by senses.

Question 4

Rationalism

Answer 4

Sensory observation is NOT the only way.

Question 5

Metaphysics

Answer 5

What is real?

Question 6

Mind-Body Dualism

Answer 6

Physical and mental objects exist

Question 7

Idealism

Answer 7

ONLY mental objects exist

Question 8

Materialism

Answer 8

ONLY physical objects exist

Question 9

Mind-body problem

Answer 9

If mind & body exist they CAN’T interact

Question 10

Identity thesis

Answer 10

Mental states = Brain states

Question 11

Argument

Answer 11

Fight for reasonable answer

Question 12

Conclusion

Answer 12

What is being argued for

Question 13

Premises

Answer 13

Reasons in support of the conclusion

Question 14

What does an argument contain?

Answer 14

Conclusion / Premises

Question 15

Inductive argument

Answer 15

Matter of probability

Question 16

Deductive argument

Answer 16

Matter of necessity

Question 17

Tests for detective?

Answer 17

Valid / True

Question 18

Sound?

Answer 18

Argument is sound if premises true and valid structure

Question 19

Euthyphro’s 3 answers to “ What is Piety”?

Answer 19

1) Doing as he is doing
2) The same thing is liked by some gods but disliked by others.
3) Loved by all gods

Question 20

What were the formal charges against Socrates?

Answer 20

Corrupting the youth / not believing in the gods

Question 21

What is Socrates method?

Answer 21

Point out issues in peoples opinions

Question 22

What are the 2 realms of reality?

Answer 22

Higher & Lower

Question 23

Plato’s Theory of forms?

Answer 23

Lower realm = physical objects
Higher realm = Forms (ideal and abstract)

Question 24

What is the difference between dreaming and being awake?

Answer 24

1) Dreaming perceives physical objects ONLY.
2) Awake perceives forms and physical

Question 25

Allegory of Cave?

Answer 25

1) Shadows = physical objects (for people in cave).
2) as physical = forms ( for us )

Question 26

Sticks and Stones ?

Answer 26

The soul must have existed before birth

Question 27

What is Anamnesis (Recollection)?

Answer 27

Before birth, we resided in the realm of forms / direct knowledge of forms.

Question 28

What are the 3 reasons we should doubt everything?

Answer 28

1) My senses have deceived me in the past
2) I may be dreaming
3) A powerful being such as God may be deceiving me.

Question 29

Descartes discovery ?

Answer 29

I think , therefore I am

Question 30

Proof for the existence of God?

Answer 30

God must exist

Question 31

Epistemology?

Answer 31

Rationalism

Question 32

Metaphysical ?

Answer 32

Mind body dualism

Question 33

Innate ideas?

Answer 33

Ideas we are born with

Question 34

What are Locke’s 3 arguments against innate ideas?

Answer 34

1) I can explain how it’s possible to come by ideas without making reference to innate ideas.

2)Even if universal consent was there certain beliefs don’t mean such beliefs must be innate.

3) No universal consent concerning innate ideas: Children and idiots don’t have them

Question 35

What are two kinds of experiences ?

Answer 35

Sensation & Reflection

Question 36

Locke’s metaphysical position ?

Answer 36

Mind-body dualism

Question 37

Primary qualities ?

Answer 37

Independent reside in external physical objects. (shape , size, motion)

Question 38

Secondary qualities ?

Answer 38

Dependent reside in mind. (heat , pain,color ,smell)

Question 39

Berkeley’s EXTENDED argument for idealism?

Answer 39

1) Secondary qualities are no more than ideas.
2) Primary qualities are no more than ideas
3) Can’t observe material substance only attributes.

Question 40

Berkeley’s SPECIFIC argument for idealism?

Answer 40

Perceive nothing other than our perceptions

Question 41

Berkeley’s argument for existence of GOD?

Answer 41

Must be a universal observer

Question 42

Berkeley’s metaphysical ?

Answer 42

Idealism

Question 43

Berkeley’s epistemology ?

Answer 43

Empiricism

Question 44

Hume’s epistemological system ?

Answer 44

Impressions & Ideas
(All ideas come from thoughts) .

Question 45

Hume’s principle ?

Answer 45

Words are meaningless unless reference can be traced back to impressions

Question 46

Hume’s Differentiation ?

Answer 46

Relations of ideas: The truths of logic and mathematics.

Matters of fact: Uncertain but uninformative about the world.

Question 47

Criticism of substance?

Answer 47

We shouldn’t believe in the existence of either mind or matter.

Question 48

Kants categories?

Answer 48

A posteriori, a priori , synthetic, analytic

Question 48

Criticism of causality?

Answer 48

For every event there is probably a cause

Question 49

Posteriori?

Answer 49

after sensory experience

Question 50

Priori?

Answer 50

Before sensory experience

Question 51

Synthetic?

Answer 51

Informative

Question 52

Analytic?

Answer 52

Uninformative

Question 53

Kants position in 2 steps?

Answer 53

1) Synthetic a priori
2) Categories of the Understanding

Question 54

Kuhn:

Answer 54

Our perception is affected by our background belief systems

Question 55

Kant:

Answer 55

Our perception is conditioned by our concepts.