Philosophical Perspective of the Self Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
He states that: An unexamined life is not worth living
A
socrates
2
Q
For him, the self is synonymous with the soul
A
socrates
3
Q
He believes that every human possesses an immortal soul that survives the physical body
A
Socrates
4
Q
Socrates stated that reality consists of two dichotomous realms which are?
A
Physical and ideal
5
Q
This realm is changeable, transient, and imperfect
A
physical realm
6
Q
this realm is unchanging, eternal, and immortal
A
ideal realm
7
Q
He believes that the essence of the self - the soul - is the immortal being
A
Socrates
8
Q
Like Socrates, he believes that the self is synonymous with the soul
A
Plato
9
Q
Plato introduced the idea of a three-part soul, and these are?
A
- Reason
- Physical appetite
- Spirit or passion
10
Q
This refers to the definite essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths
A
Reason
11
Q
This includes our basic biological needs, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire
A
Physical appetite
12
Q
This includes basic emotions, such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy
A
Spirit or passion
13
Q
What is the name of Plato’s theory that includes: the concepts of the two worlds – the world of forms (non-physical ideas) and the world of sense (reality
A
Theory of Forms
14
Q
His philosophy can be summarized with: The Soul is the Essence of the Self
A
Aristotle
15
Q
A Greek philosopher who believes that
* the soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities
* the soul is the essence of all living things, thus the soul is the essence of the self
A
Aristotle
16
Q
Aristotle introduced three kinds of soul which are?
A
- Vegetative soul
- Sentient soul
- Rational soul
17
Q
It is the soul that includes the physical body that can grow
A
vegetative soul
18
Q
It is the soul that includes sensual desires, feelings, and emotions
A
Sentient soul
19
Q
It is the soul that is what makes man a human
A
rational soul
20
Q
He suggests that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life (self-actualization). The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes doing various virtuous actions. In saying this, he posits that part of the rational soul is characterized by moral virtues, such as justice and courage
A
Aristotle
21
Q
His philosophy can be surmised with: The Soul is Superior to the Body
A
St. Augustine
22
Q
He integrates the ideas of Plato and the teachings of Christianity
A
St. Augustine
23
Q
He believes that the physical body is radically different from and inferior to its inhabitant, the immortal soul
A
St. Augustine
24
Q
He ultimately came to view that the body as the “spouse” of the soul, both attached to one another by a “natural appetite”
A
St. Augustine
25
In St. Augustine's work ______, he describes the humankind is created in the image and likeness of God
Confessions
26
As a religious philosopher, he contemplates on the nature of man, with emphasis on the soul as an important element of man
St. Augustine
27
"Therefore, the human person, being a creation of God, is always geared towards the good"
St. Augustine
28
He espouses the significance of reflection, as well as the importance of prayers and confessions to arrive at a justification for the existence of God
St. Augustine
29
For him, "knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us"
St. Augustine
30
His philosophy can be summarized with: I think, therefore I am
Rene Descartes
31
French philosopher that is also the father of modern philosophy
Rene Descartes
32
He wants to penetrate the nature of the reasoning process and understand its relationship to the human self
Rene Descartes
33
The Latin phrase *Cogito, ergo sum* is the keystone of his concept of the self
Rene Descartes
34
For him, the act of thinking about the self – of being self-conscious – is in itself proof that there is a self
Rene Descartes
35
He is confident that no rational person will doubt his or her existence as a conscious, thinking entity, while he or she is aware of thinking about the self
Rene Descartes
36
For him, this is the essence self of the human self – a thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons
Rene Descartes
37
He contends further that if a person reflects thoughtfully, he or she will realize that there are two dimensions of the human self: the self as a thinking entity, and the self as a physical body
Rene Descartes
38
He introduces the idea of the thinking self (or the soul) as a non-material, immortal and conscious being that is independent of the physical laws of the universe. In contrast, the physical body is a material, mortal, non-thinking entity, fully governed by the physical laws of nature
Rene Descartes
39
For this English philosopher, the human mind at birth is tabula rasa or a blank slate
John Locke
40
He thinks that the self, or personal identity, is constructed primarily from sense experiences – or more specifically, what people see, hear, smell, taste, and feel
John Locke
41
For him, conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self. He believes that the essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as a thinking, reasoning, and reflecting identity
John Locke
42
According to Locke's philosophy:
* ______ is based on careful observation of experiences
* ______ plays an important role in helping to figure out the significance of sense experience and reach intelligent conclusions
* Knowledge
* Reason
43
His philosophy can be surmised with: There is no self
David Hume
44
He suggests that if people carefully examine their sense experience through the process of introspection, they will discover that there is no self
David Hume
45
According to him, what people experience is just a bundle of collection of different perceptions. He maintains that if people carefully examine the contents of their experience, they will find that there are only distinct entities: impressions and ideas
David Hume
46
In David Hume's philosophy: ________ are the basic sensations of people's experiences, such as love, hate, joy, grief, pain, cold and heat. These are vivid perceptions and are strong and lively
Impressions
47
In David Hume's philosophy: These are thoughts and images from impressions, so they are less lively and vivid
Ideas
48
He argues that it cannot be from any of these impressions that the idea of the self is derived, and consequently, there is no self. His skeptical claim on this issue is that people have no experience of a simple and individual impression that they can call the self, where the self is the totality of a person's conscious life. Subsequently, the idea of personal identity is a result of imagination
David Hume
49
His philosophy can be surmised with: The Self Transcends Experience
Immanuel Kant
50
For this German philosopher, it is the self that makes experiencing an intelligible world possible because it is the self that is actively organizing and synthesizing all thoughts and perceptions.
Immanuel Kant
51
According to this philosopher: The self, in the form of consciousness, utilizes conceptual categories, which he calls transcendental deduction of categories, to construct an orderly world that is stable and can be investigated scientifically
Immanuel Kant
52
He believes that the self is an organizing principle that makes a unified and intelligible experiences possible.
Immanuel Kant
53
He is not a philosopher but his views on the nature of the self have a far-reaching impact on philosophical thinking, as well as other disciplines, such as psychology, and sociology
Sigmund Freud
54
He hold that the self consists of three layers: conscious, unconscious, and pre-conscious
Sigmund Freud
55
From Sigmund Freud's principle: _____ is governed by the "reality principle" – part of the self that is organized in ways that are rational, practical, and appropriate to the environment. It usually takes into account the realistic demands of a situation, the consequences of various actions, and the overriding need to preserve balance of the entire psychodynamic system of the self
Conscious self
56
In Sigmund Freud's philosophy: _____ is the part of the self that contains the basic instinctual drives, including sexuality, aggressiveness, and self-destruction; traumatic memories; unfulfilled wishes, and childhood fantasies, and thoughts and feelings that would be considered socially taboo
Unconscious self
57
In Sigmund Freud's philosophy: It is characterized by the most primitive level of human motivation and human functioning that is governed by the "pleasure principle"
Unconscious level/mind
58
Freud argues that much of the self is determined by the ______
Unconscious (self/level)
59
In Sigmund Freud's philosophy: _____ contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind. According to Freud, this part is located between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the self
Preconscious self
60
His philosophy can be surmised with: The Self is the Way People Behave
Gilbert Ryle
61
This British philosopher believes that the self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition of a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances
Gilbert Ryle
62
His concept of the human self thus provides the philosophical principle: "I act, therefore, I am"
Gilbert Ryle
63
He considers the mind and the body to be intrinsically linked in complex and intimate ways. In short, the self is the same as the bodily behavior
Gilbert Ryle
64
He concludes that the mind is the totality of human dispositions which is known through the way people behave. Nevertheless, he is convinced that the mind expresses the entire system of thoughts, emotions, and actions that make up the human self
Gilbert Ryle
65
His philosophy can be surmised with: The Self is the Brain
Paul Churchland
66
This Canadian philosopher advocates the idea of eliminated materialism or the idea that the self is inseparable from the brain and the physiology of the body
Paul Churchland
67
"all a person has is the brain, so if the brain is gone, there is no self." For him, the physical brain, and not the imaginary mind, gives people the sense of self. The mind does not really exist because it cannot be experienced by the senses
Paul Churchland
68
His philosophy can be surmised with: The Self is Embodied Subjectivity
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
69
This French Philosopher argues that all knowledge about the self (e.g., understanding the nature of the self) is based on the "phenomena" of experience
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
70
The "I" is a single integrated core identity, a combination of the mental, physical, and emotional structures around a core identity of the self. he further articulates that when people examine the self at the fundamental level of direct human experience, they will discover that the mind and body are unified, not separate
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
71
He notes in his book, Phenomenology of Perception, that everything that people are aware of is contained within the consciousness.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
72
In Maurice Merleau-Ponty's philosophy: ________ is a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring conscious ideas and physical behavior. He is that the ________, the world, and the human body are intricately intertwined in perceiving the world
Consciousness
73
For Maurice Merleau-Ponty, _______ is not merely a consequence of sensory experience; rather, it is a conscious experience. Thus, the self is embodied subjectivity
perception
74
______ suggests that the self is synonymous with the soul. He believes that every human possesses an immortal soul that survives the physical body.
Socrates
75
For _____, the three elements of the soul/self are reason, physical appetite, and spirit or passion. Reason is the divine essence that enables people to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths. Physical appetite includes basic biological needs, whereas spirit or passion includes basic emotions.
Plato
76
_____- suggests that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life.
Aristotle
77
____ believes that the body is united with the soul so that man may be entire and complete.
St. Augustine
78
_____ suggests that the act of thinking about the self or being self-conscious is proof that there is a self. There are two dimensions of the human self: the self as a thinking entity and the self as a physical body.
Descartes
79
_____ believes that conscious awareness and a memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self. He believes that the essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as a thinking, reasoning, and reflecting identity.
Locke
80
To ____ , the idea of personal identity is a result of imagination and that if a person carefully examines his or her sense experience through the process of introspection, he or she will discover that there is no self.
Hume
81
According to ____ , the self constructs its own reality, actively creating a world that is familiar and predictable.
Kant
82
___ holds that the self consists of three layers: conscious,
unconscious, and preconscious.
Freud
83
_____ believes that the self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.
Ryle
84
__________ advocates the idea of eliminative materialism or the idea that the self is inseparable from the brain and the physiology of the body.
Churchland
85
According to _______, all knowledge about the self is based on the "phenomena" of experience.
Merleau-Ponty
