PHILOSOPHY Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
the mother of all disciplines simply
because all fields of study began as philosophical
discourses.
A
philosophy
2
Q
study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and inquiries that
involves in answering questions regarding the nature and existence of man and the world we live
in.
A
philosophy
3
Q
It is defined as “a unified being, essentially connected to consciousness,
awareness and agency (or, at least, with the faculty of rational choice).
A
Self
4
Q
- First martyr of education and philosophy; emphasized “knowing oneself.
A
Socrates
5
Q
- Student of Socrates; followed the idea of “knowing thyself.”
- Known as the Father of the Academy, foundational to modern education.
A
Plato
6
Q
the part of the person that is driven by desire and need to satisfy
oneself. This satisfaction involves physical needs, pleasures and desires, objects, and
situations
A
Appetitive soul
7
Q
courageous part of a person. One who wants to do something or to right
the wrongs that they observe. This is very competitive and is very active. Competitiveness
drives one to expect positive results and winning.
A
Spirited soul-
8
Q
the drive of our lives. The part that thinks and plan for the future (the
conscious mind). It decides what to do, when to do it and the possible results one could
have depending on their actions
A
Rational soul-
9
Q
- A saint and philosopher who taught that God encompasses all and improves life.
- Taught that aligning with God reveals our purpose and acknowledges human limitations.
A
St. augustine
10
Q
- French philosopher known as the father of modern philosophy for his use of systematic methods and early scientific approaches.
A
rene descartes
11
Q
- English philosopher and physician, known as the Father of Classical Liberalism.
- His works influenced revolutions against absolute monarchs and shaped modern governance, politics, and economics.
A
JOHN LOCKE
12
Q
- Believed acknowledging ignorance leads to knowledge (a virtue), while ignorance is corruption.
A
Socrates
13
Q
- Promoted introspection to understand strengths, weaknesses, and desires.
A
socrates
14
Q
- Introduced the Socratic Method (teaching through dialogue and questioning).
A
socrates
15
Q
Executed for alleged corruption of minors but fought ignorance and narrow-mindedness.
A
socrates
16
Q
- Taught that happiness is life’s goal, achieved through self-knowledge and wise actions.
A
socrates
17
Q
- Wrote works on politics, human nature, virtue, and intelligence.
- Believed followers of truth and wisdom are moral and resist vices.
A
Plato
18
Q
- Advocated the division of body and soul, forming a person’s whole being.
- Proposed the soul has three parts, influencing behaviors and perspectives.
A
Plato
19
Q
- Linked self-awareness and questioning to understanding our existence in relation to God.
A
st. augustine
20
Q
- Believed humans reflect God’s likeness but remain distant from Him in life.
- Rejected skepticism and emphasized accepting truths through personal faith.
A
St. Augustine
21
Q
- Advocated modern dualism, highlighting the roles of the mind (thinking) and body (sensing) in defining existence.
A
rene descartes
22
Q
- Proponent of “methodical doubt,” a process of questioning to understand existence and self.
- Famous for “cogito ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am), linking thought and doubt to proof of existence.
A
rene descartes
23
Q
- Emphasized that the body’s perceptions can be deceptive (e.g., dreams, illusions).
- Believed focusing on the mind leads to a deeper understanding of self, as constant doubt proves one’s existence.
A
rene descartes
24
Q
- Introduced the concept of “tabula rasa” (blank slate), emphasizing the importance of experiences and perceptions in shaping a person.
- Believed people are born knowing nothing and develop through learning from experiences, failures, and observations.
A
john locke
25
- Scottish philosopher known for his work in empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
- Believed the Self is the accumulation of impressions and is limited to the physical realm.
David hume
26
- Argued there is no permanent self, as impressions are based on experiences that shape ideas and knowledge, which can change or be replaced.
david hume
27
- German philosopher known for his works on empiricism and rationalism.
- Believed that the collection of impressions and experiences defines a person.
Immanuel Kant
28
- Emphasized that emotions, impressions, and behaviors are only parts of the self.
- Argued that true self-understanding comes through a certain level of consciousness that synthesizes experiences, impressions, and perceptions.
Immanuel Kant
29
- Introduced the concept of "transcendental apperception," a fundamental aspect of consciousness that helps define the self by integrating experiences, intuition, and imagination.
Immanuel Kant
30
An Austrian psychologist and physician. The Father of psychoanalysis.
Freud is well known for his work on human nature and the unconscious. He believed that man
has different constructs of personality
Sigmund Freud
31
- the child aspect of a person; attention is on satisfaction of one's needs and selfgratification. Driven by pleasure principle.
Id
32
the conscience of one's personality. Has the inclination to uphold justice
and do what is morally right and socially acceptable actions. Involved in the notion of right
or wrong that is imparted to us by our parents or people that took care for us during
childhood
Super ego
33
police or the mediator between id and super ego. Operates within the boundaries
of reality, primary function is to maintain the impulses of the id to an acceptable degree.
Ego
34
where minority of our memories are being stored and the memories that
are in the conscious is easier to be to be tapped or accessed
Conscious
35
the middle part of the entirety of our consciousness; the memories
stored in this area can still be accessed but with a little difficulty
Pre-conscious
36
- this area is where majority of our memories since childhood are deeply
stored. It is very difficult to tap the memories. It would need a trained professional and
several special techniques in order to make some memories resurface
Unconscious
37
He believed that we are a by-product of our experiences in the past and that are actions
are driven by the idea of resisting or avoiding pain, and are molded from our need for pleasure or
being happy
Sigmund freud
38
- Used a behavioristic approach to define the self.
- Believed the self is reflected in a person's behavior, emotions, and actions, which manifest the mind.
- Introduced the "ghost in the machine" concept, where the mind (the "ghost") controls the body (the "machine"), representing intelligence and behavior.
gilbert ryle
39
- Argued that a person's actions, behaviors, and physical traits define who they are.
- Disagreed with the idea that the mind and body are separate entities, instead viewing them as interconnected.
gilbert ryle
40
- Canadian philosopher focused on improving the understanding of the self through the association of brain movement and worth.
- Believed the self is defined by the movement of the brain, with constant brain activity being a basis for identity.
PAUL CHURCHLAND
41
- Advocated for "eliminative materialism," emphasizing the importance of understanding neural pathways and their impact on behavior.
- Claimed that the brain's movements can be measured and classified to understand one's behavior and sense of self.
PAUL CHURCHLAND
42
- French philosopher known for his work on existentialism and phenomenology.
- Coined the idea of phenomenology of perception, emphasizing the unity of mind and body.
MAURICE JEAN JACQUES MERLEAU-PONTY
43
- Believed the body and mind are not separate but are one and the same.
- Followed Gestalt psychology, focusing on the whole rather than the sum of its parts.
MAURICE JEAN JACQUES MERLEAU-PONTY
44
- Argued that perception guides action, with the body perceiving and consciousness interpreting those perceptions.
- Believed the self is established through our perceptions of the world, reflected in actions, behavior, and language.
MAURICE JEAN JACQUES MERLEAU-PONTY
45
- Eminent 13th-century scholar and key figure in medieval philosophy.
- Explained that man is composed of two parts: Matter (hyle), the common substance of the universe, and Form (morphe), the essence of a thing.
THOMAS AQUINAS -
46
- Believed the body is shared with animals, as it consists of cells common to all living beings.
- Argued that what makes a human person distinct is the soul, which animates the body and gives humans their essence.
THOMAS AQUINAS -
