Philosophy Final

Question 1

Logic:

Answer 1

Study of correct thinking

Question 2

Deductive Logic:

Answer 2

If all the premises are true, then the conclusion has to be true

Question 3

Inductive Logic:

Answer 3

The conclusion is reasonably supported by the premises but it is possible for the conclusion to be false even if all the premises are true

Question 4

Metaphysics:

Answer 4

Study of the most general principles

Question 5

Cosmology:

Answer 5

Study of the universe as a whole

Question 6

Ontology:

Answer 6

The study of Being

Question 7

Epitomology:

Answer 7

Study of knowledge. “How do you know…?”

Question 8

Axiology:

Answer 8

Study of value. Deals with Ethics and Aesthetics

Question 9

Thales

Answer 9

Considered water to be everything [monist]

Question 10

Anaximander

Answer 10

[monist] claimed everything to be apeiron

Question 11

Anaximenes

Answer 11

[monist] everything is air

Question 12

Pythagoras

Answer 12

All things are numbers

Question 13

Heraclitus of Ephesus

Answer 13

everything is change, uses fire as a metaphor. has the idea of logos which is the governing principle of change

Question 14

Parminedes

Answer 14

the ultimate reality is Being. motion is impossible because it would have to involve being going from where being is to where being is not. empty space is an impossible idea

Question 15

Zeno of Elea

Answer 15

known for several paradoxes designed to show that motion is not possible. you have to get halfway to point B, but halfway to get there, etc.

Question 16

Empedocles

Answer 16

everything is four roots - fire, air, earth, and water. they are governed by love and strife. first thinker to formulate a theory of evolution

Question 17

Anaxagorus

Answer 17

instead of four roots, proposed infinite seeds. each object has seeds of all elements. in place of love and strife he proposed Nous [the mind]

Question 18

Leucippus + Democritus

Answer 18

Atomism - world is composed of atoms and materialism - atoms are material. determinism - everything is only where it needs to be

Question 19

Socrates

Answer 19

all we know about him comes from plato. claimed he knew nothing. oracle of delphi story - was called the wisest man, wondered if this was because he was honest about knowing nothing

Question 20

Plato

Answer 20

Allegory of the cave. pure reason and understanding lie within the realm of knowledge / the intelligible world. the whole of the visible world is an inferior copy of the intelligible world. all knowledge is ultimately knowledge of the Good. humans have three parts [triforce]. believed ignorance is the cause for all misdeeds

Question 21

Aristotle

Answer 21

different from plato in that he believed form and matter can be distinguished only in thought, not in reality. potentiality and actuality. came up with the idea of a prime mover.

Question 22

Aristotle’s Three Primary Laws of Logic:

Answer 22

Principle of Identity [A = A], Principle of Non-Contradiction [If A, then not not A], and Principle of Excluded Middle [Either A or not A]

Question 23

Epicureanism

Answer 23

philosophy wasnt based in finding out the truth but in leading a good life. the goal is human happiness

Question 24

Stoicism / Zeno of Cyprus

Answer 24

more interested in conduct. dispassionate approach to life. only goal is enlightenment. advocated suicide if enlightened state is to be disturbed by life

Question 25

Neoplatonism / Plotinus

Answer 25

basically just took platos stuff and converted it to christianity

Question 26

Rene Descartes

Answer 26

sense data is not to be trusted. came up with the mad god idea. ultimately decided math was the only thing that could be trusted. argued that god had to exist. distinguished two substances - mental and material

Question 27

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 27

claimed that our acts are motivated by self-interest only. we only do social contracts to survive

Question 28

John Locke

Answer 28

claimed that knowledge comes from experience. mind is a blank slate [tabula rasa]

Question 29

DISJUNCTION

Answer 29

[PvQ] only false if both P and Q are false. otherwise, true

Question 30

CONJUNCTION

Answer 30

[P^Q] only true if both P and Q are true

Question 31

CONDITIONAL

Answer 31

[P->Q] if P, then Q. P is called the antecedent and Q is called the consequent. only false if P is true and Q is false. otherwise, true

Question 32

BICONDITIONAL

Answer 32

[P<->Q] P if and only if Q. the sentence is true when the truth value for P is the same as the truth value for Q

Question 33

TOTALOGY

Answer 33

everything is true

Question 34

CONTRADICTION

Answer 34

everything is false

Question 35

CONTINGENT

Answer 35

mix of true and false

Question 36

EQUIVALENT

Answer 36

if two propositions are the same

Question 37

CONSISTENT

Answer 37

if two propositions can be true at the same time

Question 38

INCONSISTENT

Answer 38

if two propositions match, but only false

Question 39

Gilbert Ryle

Answer 39

category mistake guy

Question 40

Bertrand Russell

Answer 40

russells postulate: A = angry thought, B = punching things

Question 41

Armstrong

Answer 41

mind talk is just body talk. consciousness + automation when driving a car

Question 42

Churchland

Answer 42

eliminative materialist. talks about mind talk being folk psychology. guy who admitted to exaggerating lol

Question 43

Jackson

Answer 43

mary in the black and white room

Question 44

Searle

Answer 44

guy who doesnt like strong A.I. chinese room idea

Question 45

Chisholm

Answer 45

imminent causation - agent to agent. transeunt causation - event to event. came up with the principle of alternate possibilities

Question 46

Frankfurt

Answer 46

made a better PAP with the joneses

Question 47

Utilitarianism

Answer 47

happiness = pleasure + absence of pain

Question 48

Bentham

Answer 48

felicity calculus: -intensity of pleasure/pain -duration -certainty or uncertainty -remoteness -probability of it happening again -purity -extent - how many ppl feel it

Question 49

John Stuart Mill

Answer 49

added concept of quality in considerations of pleasure in felicity calculus, ended up dismantling the whole thing unintentionally. how do you know something is desirable? you desire it.

Question 50

Peter Singer

Answer 50

suffering is bad. help to the level of marginal utility - help the poor until you are poor

Question 51

Kant

Answer 51

claims that utilitarians only worry about hypothetical imperatives / consequences. he focuses more on categorical imperatives, such as thou shalt not kill. focuses on intentions / the dr choo story

Question 52

Utilitarian Problem

Answer 52

sacrifice one life for a few

Question 53

Kantian Problem

Answer 53

the holocaust thing