“Medical” Manipulation
- regular physicians that wanted to reduce misalignments and treat “nerve irritation”
- general, non-specific (“long-lever”)
- very few b/c afraid of contagious disease, TB that is associated with the Lower Class
Non-Medical Manipulation
= “Bone setters”
- non-medical tradition
- “craft” or form of folk healing
- popular in working class (lower class)
- general (“long-lever”)
“heroic medicine”
= blood letting, laxatives; focused/worried about germs
Who founded Osteopathic Medicine?
A.T. Still in 1873
What is Osteopathic Medicine (Osteopathy/D.O.)?
- manipulation to ensure proper blood flow to body to maintain health
- use drugs and surgery ONLY after manipulation was tried
- manipulation was general and non-specific (like bone-setting)
Chiropractic (D.C.)
- founded by DD Palmer in 1895
- manipulation –> called adjustment now
- specific (“short-lever”)
- drug and surgery = NOT necessary
- adjustment ensure proper NS control by correct displacement of bone impinging on nerve
“Founder” of Chiropractic
DD Palmer
What type healing to DD Palmer use first?
Magnetic healing
DD Palmer’s full name
Dr. Daniel David Palmer
When was chiropractic discovered?
September 18th, 1985; Harvey Lillard was 1st person adjustment, he was deaf for 17 years after hurt his back; after DD adjusted him he regained hearing
Who named “chiropractic”?
Rev. Samual Weed; Greek for “done by hand”
When did DD Palmer start PSC?
1897; 15 students through 1902
Who was the first graduate from PSC?
William A. Seekley, M.D.
What major book to DD write?
The Chiropracter’s Adjuster
Who is the “Developer” of chiropractic?
BJ Palmer = Dr. Bartlett Joshua Palmer
on his birth certificate it was Joshua Bartlett
Facts about BJ Palmer
son of DD Palmer
- only attended school to 7th grade (expelled for letting mice loose)
- graduated from PSC 1902
- 1906 Owned and Head of PSC
- started WOC Radio and Television
- Built garden ‘A Little Bit O’ Heaven’
What associated did BJ Palmer found?
ICA = International Chiropractic Association
Who was BJ Palmer’s wife?
Mabel Palmer
- had son David Palmer
Who was the “first lady of chiropractic”?
Mabel Heath Palmer
What book to Mabel Palmer write?
Chiropractic Anatomy
Who is the “Educator” of chiropractic?
Dr. David D. Palmer = Dr. Dave
- he change the name to Palmer College
Who was Dr. Dave’s wife?
Dr. Agnes Palmer
–graduated from PSC
What is Dr. Agnes Palmer known for?
world-renowned sculptress
Who founded Sigma Phi Chi?
Mabel Heath Palmer
Who is the “Refiner” of chiropractic?
Vickie Palmer
- daughter of Agnes and Dave Palmer
- not a DC, but was on Board of Trustees at Palmer College
Who was lawyer who became a DC, called himself “The Constructor”, and was an early friend and rival of DD and BJ?
Dr. Willard Carver
Who opened American School of Chiropractic in Cedar Rapids, IA? (first significant school outside Palmer domain)
Dr. Solan Massey Langworthy
Who were the co-authors of Modernized Chiropractic?
Who was the editor?
Langworthy and Smith
Editor was Dr. Minora Paxson
Who founded and was president of the first professional organization, the American Chiropractic Association?
Solan Massey Langworthy
Who may have been the first to use “subluxation”?
Langworthy
What chiropractic journal did Langworthy start?
“The Backbone”
Who established Naprapathy?
Dr. Oakley Smith
co-author to Modernized Chiropractic
Who was the pioneer woman chiropractic?
Dr. Minora Paxson
may have been first person to receive a chiropractic license in Illinois under Illinois Medical Practice Act
Who authored Spinal Adjustment and Rational Therapy?
Dr. Alva Gregory
Who is Dr. Alva Gregory?
MD and DC; collaborated with DD in Oklahoma briefly
Palmer-Gregory School in OK City
Who graduated from Palmer, was a PSC faculty, and then left to start National School of Chiropractic in Davenport?
Dr. John Howard
Who were the 5 DCs that filed suit in “Wilk” Antitrust Lawsuit?
Dr. Chester Wilk Patricia Arthur Michael Pedigo James Bryden Steven Lumsden
Who was the lawyer for the chiropractors in the Wilk case?
George McAndrews
What/who did the chiropractors file suit against?
- AMA
- 11 other medical and osteopathic organizations
- 4 inds. that were current officials of AMA
Why was a suit filed for the “Wilk” case?
since 1963 the inds. engaged to “contain and eliminate” chiropractors
- AMA formed Committee of Quackery; sole purpose to destroy chiro profession
When did the “Wilk” case come to trial and what was the outcome?
1980; 2 month jury trial; and AMA was NOT guilty
When was the case appealed and what happened?
1983; appeals court reversed the decision and ordered new trial
What was the new trial?
- chiro’s dropped claim for monetary damage
- 2nd trial was a bench trial (heard only by a judge)
When was the new trial and what was the outcome? Who was the judge?
1987; remaining defendants were found GUILTY
- judge was Judge Susan Getzendanner
- MD’s tried to appeal, but their appeal was denied and US supreme court refused to review the case
= ending 14 years of litigation and chiro’s WIN
When was the final out-of-court settlement and what happened?
1991; any monetary award are chiropractic charities
- chiropractic colleges in existent at the time got cash awards
- Palmer put it toward research
Who founded NACD?
(National Association of Chiropractic Doctors)
Danial Reisland, DC
- earliest known professional orgaization
Who founded ACA #1?
(American Chiropractic Association)
Solon Langworthy
- lasted just a few years
Who founded UCA?
(Universal Chiropractic Association)
BJ Palmer
- he withdrew b/c NCM effectively destroyed it
Who founded ACA #2?
Carver’s graduates in OK
- reviled BJ’s UCA
Who founded ACA #3?
broad-scope inds. advocating independence from influence of schools
Who did the ACA #3 merge with? And what did they form?
left of UCA—> and formed National Chiropractor’s Association
NCA
(National Chiropractor’s Association)
- largest ass. at the time
Who founded Chiropractic Health Bureau? What did it later become?
BJ Palmer
later became International Chiropractor’s Association (ICA)
What is the largest national organization favoring “Philosophically-based” chiropractic?
ICA
(International Chiropractor’s Association)
founded by BJ Palmer
What did the NCA become?
ACA #4
What is the largest national chiropractic organization?
ACA #4
What happened when the ACA and ICA tried to merge?
they tried and again and FAILED
Who was the only indvidual to head both ICA and then ACA?
Dr. Michael Pedigo
Who founded IFCO?
(International Federation of Chiropractors and Organizations)
Dr. Thom Gelard of Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic
– known was FSCO
FSCO
Federation of Straight Chiropractors and Organizations
Who founded WCA?
(World Chiropractic Alliance)
Dr. Terry Rondberg
- attempt to unify profession
WFC
(World Federation of Chiropractic)
international organization
- promote chiropractic worldwide level
central office in Toronto, Canada
Segmental approach defined.
subluxation is described in terms of alterations in specific intervertebral motion segments
Postural/structural approach defined.
subluxation is seen as a postural and/or motion distortion of whole spine (“closed kinetic chain”)
Tonal approach defined.
view the spine and NS as a functional unit; goal is to “Clear” patient functionally
What is included in the current Palmer Package?
Diversified
Gonstead
Thompson
Palmer Upper Cervical Specific/Toggle Recoil/HIO
Full-spine segmental technique using HVLA
Diversified
HVLA = high velocity, low amplitude
What technique did C.S. Gonstead create?
Gonstead technique, a full-spine segemental approach
What is the Thompson Technique?
a full-spine segmental, uses drop sections
- C. Thompson = creater
Who developed the Activator technique and what is it?
Lee and Fuhr
- a full-spine segemental technique
- uses instrument
What is the other technique closely related to Activator?
Neuromechanical Technique (developed by Christopher Colloca)
Who developed Motion Palpation?
H. Gillet
- form of spinal analysis and technique
- full-spine segemental
What is the Logan (Basic) Technique
Full-spine postural
What are full-spine structural techniques?
Pettibon –B. Pettibon
Chiropractic Bio-Physics (CBP) – D. Harrison
What is a full-spine, extremity soft tissue technique? And who was is developed by?
Nimmo Receptor-Tonus
R. Nimmo
What did D. Epstein develop?
“Network” Spinal Analysis
- full-spine tonal
Who discovered Torque Release Technique?
Jay Holder
- tonal/segmental
What are the two tonal/segmental techniques?
Sacro-Occipital Technique (SOT)
Torque Release Technique
Who developed Applied Kinesiology (AK)?
Dr. Goodheart
- tonal approach
What the the 4 tonal approaches?
Applied Kinesiology (AK)
BEST
NET
DNFT
What is BEST? and who developed it?
= Bio Energetic Synchronization Technique
- developed by M.T. Morter
- tonal approach
What is NET? and who developed it?
= Neuro-Emotional Technique
- developed by S. Walker
- tonal approach
What is DNFT? and who developed it?
= Directional Non-Force Technique
- developed by Van Rumpt
- tonal approach
What did J. Cox develop?
Cox (Flexion-Distraction)
- a low-back disc treatment
What are the Upper Cervical Specific Appraoches? (8)
Palmer Upper Cervical/Toggle Recoil/ HIO--BJ Palmer Grostic NUCCA AO (Atlas Orthogonality) Blair Mears Kale Life Cervical
Who developed NUCCA?
Ralph Gregory, M. Dickholtz
Who developed AO?
(Atlas Orthogonality)
R. Sweat
PSC graduate in Lacrosse, WI, has his PhD, and DO, he was found innocent of practicing medicine and osteopathy without a license on grounds he was practicing new profession–> chiropractic
Dr. Shigetaro Morikubu
- set important precedent for other legal cases around country
What did Willard Carver do that was significant for chiropractic history?
developed schools and publishings
Who left PSC and established Universal School of Chiropractic?
Joy Loban
What did Tullius Ratiedge do?
helped chiro profession through education and writing in CA
What did BJ Palmer introduce in 1924?
the neurocalometeer
- he lost significant influence in profession
What ended educational reform and developments in chiropractic?
with Nugent being named the NCA’s Director of Education in 1941
- and culminating in the formation of the CCE
What is the CCE?
Council of Chiropractic Education
- Nugent helped form
Why is the Conference on the Research Status of Spinal Manipulative Therapy in 1975 signification?
it was a scientific meeting where D.C.s were involved for the FIRST time in a serious discussion of research and scientific issues on an EQUAL basis with M.D.s and D.O.s
What happened in 1990?
Wilk antitrust suit was concluded and chrio’s were VICTORIOUS
What occurred in 1992?
congress authorized commissioning of D.C.s in the armed forces
What state passed the first state law to license chiropractors?
Kansas
What was the last state to license chiropractos?
Louisinana
The US office of education recognized what as the official accrediting body for chiropractic colleges?
CCE (Council on Chiropractic Education)