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RPE > Philosophy Quotes and Secondary Arguments > Flashcards

Philosophy Quotes and Secondary Arguments Flashcards

1
Q

Religious Language- Ayer vs Wittgenstein

A

Ayer- Wittgenstein provides no hierarchy of games- we should, in theory be just as accepting of superstition as we are of actual theology

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2
Q

Ancient Influences- Aristotle criticism of Plato

A

How can the Form of the Good apply to all objects? - a human is not good in the same way a horse may be

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3
Q

God’s Attributes- Molina

A

Natural, middle and free knowledge (real, possible and hypothetical)- only natural is necessary to God

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4
Q

Religious Experience- Mackie

A

If mystical experiences are psychologically explainable, they can have no authority and cannot be automatically believed

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5
Q

Religious Experience- Feuerbach

A

Humans project fears of mortality and unanswerable questions onto God

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6
Q

Religious Language- Ferre

A

Language can describe but not define God

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7
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Anscombe

A

A body is needed to point, but cannot explain the meaning of it

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8
Q

Religious Experience- Swinburne

A

Reasonable probability of God’s existence if all other arguments are taken into account

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9
Q

Religious Language- Maimonides

A

Positive statements about God are improper- Via Negativa is the only way

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10
Q

Religious Language- Ayer

A

To speak of God is meaningless- not practically verifiable

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11
Q

Teleology- Hume quote

A

‘How hostile and destructive’

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12
Q

Cosmology- Emmet

A

God could not have started existence as he is timeless- no chronology

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13
Q

God’s Attributes- Kraal

A

‘God and goodness are identical’- Euthyphro Dilemma is false, not a question of which came first

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14
Q

God’s Attributes- Hick

A

God cannot be omnibenevolent if he created hell

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15
Q

Ontology- Descartes

A

The quality of existence can no more be separated from God than three angles totalling 180 can be separated from the idea of a triangle

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16
Q

God’s Attributes- Craig (2)

A

God may be everlasting- change does not necessarily signal improvement as is argued
Time needs to be viewed as one unitary thing rather than a continuous process to consider God as timeless

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17
Q

Cosmology- Dawkins

A

Universe is a purposeless ‘brute fact’- against Leibniz’s sufficient reason

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18
Q

God’s Attributes- Anselm

A

God exists in 4 dimensions outside of time, cannot be understood in ideas of linear chronology

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19
Q

God’s Attributes- Pike

A

God is everlasting- timelessness would rid humans of free will and make reality as a simulation

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20
Q

Cosmology- Russell

A

‘I should say that the universe is just there and that is all’- against Leibniz’s sufficient reason

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21
Q

Religious Experience- Hume

A

Draws attention to human ‘love of fantastical’ and bizarre- stories often exaggerated or embellished

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22
Q

Religious Experience- Lash

A

James makes religion dependent on a few pattern-setters

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23
Q

Religious Experience- James quote

A

‘They point with reasonable probability to the continuity of our consciousness with a wider, spiritual environment from which the ordinary man is shut off’

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24
Q

Religious Experience- James vs Mackie

A

Religion and neurological fallacy perfectly compatible
One never brings up ‘author’s neurotic constitution’ in science

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25
Q

Religious Language- Weismann quote

A

‘A statement which cannot be conclusively verified is simply devoid of any meaning’

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26
Q

God’s Attributes- Swinburne

A

God is everlasting- eternal present for God implies all earthly moments take place all at once

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27
Q

Ancient Influences- Russell

A

Plato’s Theory of the Forms falls into ‘a bottomless pit of nonsense’

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28
Q

God’s Attributes- Cullman

A

God is everlasting- moves through time with us and knows all that is logically possible to know

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29
Q

God’s Attributes- Lafleur

A

God is everlasting- if he existed outside of the bounds of time, he would have no means of interaction- no religious significance or omnipotence

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30
Q

Religious Language- Barth

A

God cannot be defined with language and worldly experience- only with direct revelation

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31
Q

God’s Attributes- Kenny

A

Boethius seems to suggest that all earthly moments take place at once- evidently untrue

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32
Q

God’s Attributes- Descartes

A

God can do the logically impossible- i.e. interact from outside of time

33
Q

God’s Attributes- Davies

A

God’s goodness is not simply being well-behaved, sin is an impossibility for God

34
Q

Problem of Evil- Schleiermacher

A

Evil cannot have created itself from a perfect world- criticism of Augustine

35
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Dawkins

A

No immortal consciousness separate from brain

36
Q

Religious Language- Popper

A

The truth or falsehood of a statement is determined by whether it can be empirically tested

37
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Simmias

A

Plato’s soul need not exist in a former or future life, only before birth and after death

38
Q

God’s Attributes- Geach

A

God is everlasting- ‘Supreme Grand Master’ whose plan will be executed

39
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Dennett

A

Behaviourism over-simplifies human consciousness down to that of a lower animal

40
Q

Cosmology- Davies

A

It is not the same part of the animal which moves as that which causes it to move (counter argument to the claim that Aquinas is wrong to say nothing causes its own motion)

41
Q

Cosmology- Mackie

A

It is not self-contradictory to conclude that the universe is purposeless- argument against Leibniz who insists on a sufficient reason for it

42
Q

Cosmology- Copleston

A

Cause and effect clearly exists and is inherent in all movement- against Hume’s claim that there is no such thing

43
Q

Teleology- Kant

A

Ideas of order and purpose in nature are simply impositions of the mind

44
Q

Problem of Evil- Irenaeus Quote

A

‘How, if we had no knowledge of the contrary, could we have instruction in that which is good?’

45
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Swinburne

A

Human identity and ‘fundamental truths’ such as conscience and good will are found in soul

46
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Ward

A

Without soul, morality is a matter of personal taste

47
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Watts

A

One does not know how to open and close the hand- a physiologist does, but this does not enable him to do so any more than I (non-dualist)

48
Q

Religious Experience- Lofland and Stark

A

Element of ‘passivity’ discovered in conversion experiences- something acting upon them

49
Q

Teleology- Dawkins

A

There is no order in the universe- ‘brute fact’

50
Q

God’s Attributes- Craig (omnipotence)

A

Omnipotence is full capability of all that is logically possible

51
Q

Cosmology- Hawking

A

Infinite universe with no beginning or end- no room or need for Creator

52
Q

God’s Attributes- Hartshorne and Process Theologians

A

God is everlasting- part of the world as well as above it, held by laws of physics, moves through time with us with no foreknowledge

53
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Flew

A

There can be no soul without body as no smile without a face or seal without wax

54
Q

God’s Attributes- Mill

A

God cannot be omnibenevolent if he created an imperfect world

55
Q

Religious Experience- Sartre

A

A ‘matter of interpretation’, distinct from actual event

56
Q

Ancient Influences- Parmenides (2)

A

Plato fails to explain exactly how a material object partakes in its Form
Do all things, even mundane and seemingly purposeless, have a perfect Form?

57
Q

Cosmology- Kenny

A

‘A king-maker need not himself be king, and it is not dead men who commit murder’- argument against Aquinas’ claim that only something in actuality can cause something else in actuality

58
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- two categories of Monism

A

Idealistic Monism- only the mind exists (Leibniz)
Materialistic monism- only matter exists (Russell, Dawkins)

59
Q

Teleology- Swinburne

A

Discredits Many Worlds Hypothesis
Given Anthropic Coincidences, God is the most simple answer

60
Q

Religious Experience- Flew

A

Ten flawed arguments do not make one sound cumulative one- against prior probability argument

61
Q

God’s Attributes- Philips

A

God is not an object among other objects- cannot be understood in human ideas of temporality

62
Q

Religious Experience- Freud

A

Religion an illusion based on human wishes and unfulfillment- Oedipus complex

63
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Carlin

A

Plato fails to account for growing population with fixed number of souls

64
Q

Religious Language- Hare

A

Parable of the Lunatic- religious people will change the terms of the discussion despite evidence to the contrary- religious language is meaningless

65
Q

Teleology- Mill

A

Flawed design implies a flawed creator incompatible with Judeo-Christian thought

66
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Aristotle quote

A

‘The soul does not exist without a body and yet is not itself a kind of body’

67
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Skinner

A

All mental acts are simply learned behaviours

68
Q

God’s Attributes- Rowe quote

A

‘God could no more cease to be perfectly good than a triangle could cease to have three angles’

69
Q

Soul, Mind and Body- Descartes quote

A

‘This “I” is entirely distinct from the body, and would not fail to be whatever it is, even if the body did not exist’

70
Q

God’s Attributes- Augustine

A

‘thy “today” yields not to tomorrow and does not follow yesterday’

71
Q

Religious Experience- Maudsley

A

‘What right have we to believe God is under any obligation to do his work by complete minds only?’

72
Q

God’s Attributes- Kotarbinski

A

Temporality cannot be separated from existence- God cannot exist ‘outside of time’ as Boethius claims

73
Q

God’s Attributes- Frankena

A

God can still be omnibenevolent despite varying degrees of suffering among people- justice is not treating everyone equally

74
Q

God’s Attributes- Kierkegaard

A

God is everlasting- cannot be active in time if he is apart from it

75
Q

Cosmology- Temple

A

An infinite regress can be conceived but not imagined- argument against Aquinas’ claim that it is logically incomprehensible

76
Q

Cosmology- Hume

A

Ideas of ‘cause’ and ‘effect’ are products of the human mind and do not really exist, yet underpin Cosmology

77
Q

Ontology- Kant (2 points)

A

To say ‘God exists’ adds nothing to the concept of God
Existence is not a proper predicate- the quality of existence being necessary to his concept does not necessitate existence in actuality

78
Q

Religious Experience- Cottingham

A

Experiences may well be spiritual or supernatural but not necessarily religious

RPE (5 decks)

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