Phisiology

Question 1

Parasympathetic input of the hindgut comes from which nerves

Answer 1

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 2

Layer of the pylorus that gets hypertrophied in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Answer 2

Muscularis externa

Question 3

Digestive tract developmental defect that is associated with the development of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 3

Intestinal malrotation

Question 4

Small bowel atresias are due to what developmental pathologic process

Answer 4

Vascular accidents (midgut)

Question 5

Volvulus develops from midgut malrotation during which developmental weeks

Answer 5

6th to 10th

Question 6

Defective closure of the lateral body folds leads to what pathology

Answer 6

Gastroschisis

Question 7

Derivatives of the dorsal pancreatic bud

Answer 7

Neck, body, and tail

Question 8

Derivatives of the ventral pancreatic bud

Answer 8

Head and uncinate process

Question 9

A failure of the pancreatic ducts to fuse leads to what pathology

Answer 9

Pancreas divisum

Question 10

Mucus-secreting glands lie within which layer of the gut wall

Answer 10

Submucosa

Question 11

Location and function of Meissner’s plexus

Answer 11

• Located in the submucosa
• Parasympathetic input
• Secretory motor innervation

Question 12

Location and function of Auerbach’s plexus

Answer 12

• Located between the muscle layers of the muscularis externa
• Parasympathetic and sympathetic input
• Intrinsic motility and peristalsis

Question 13

Describe the blood supply to the esophagus (upper, middle, and lower thirds)

Answer 13

• Upper: inferior thyroid artery branches
• Middle: bronchial arteries and aorta
• Lower: inferior phrenic artery and left gastric artery branches

Question 14

Part of the esophagus that is drained by the portal system

Answer 14

The lower third

Question 15

Describe the blood supply to the stomach

Answer 15

• Left gastric artery (celiac trunk)
• Right gastric artery (common hepatic)
• Right gastroepiploic (gastroduodenal)
• Left gastroepiploic (splenic)
• Short gastric arteries (splenic)

Question 16

Type of cells that secrete pepsinogen

Answer 16

Chief cells

Question 17

Parts of the duodenum that are retroperitoneal

Answer 17

2nd, 3rd, and 4th portions

Question 18

Layer of the ileum with Peyer’s patches

Answer 18

Submucosa

Question 19

Type of cell that secretes CCK

Answer 19

I cell (duodenum)

Question 20

Type of cell that secretes GIP

Answer 20

K cell (duodenum)

Question 21

Actions of GIP

Answer 21

• Decrease gastric secretion

* Increase insulin release

Question 22

Type of cell that secretes secretin

Answer 22

S cell (duodenum)

Question 23

Actions of secretin

Answer 23

• Decrease gastric secretion and motility

* Increases bicarbonate secretion

Question 24

Actions of VIP

Answer 24

• Increase water and electrolyte secretion

* Increase relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

Question 25

Type of cell that secretes motilin

Answer 25

M cells (mainly)

Question 26

Parts of the large intestine that are secondarily retroperitoneal

Answer 26

Ascending and descending colon

Question 27

The cystic artery arises from which artery

Answer 27

Right hepatic artery

Question 28

Order of the structures, lateral to medial, in the femoral region

Answer 28

* Femoral nerve * Femoral artery * Femoral vein * Femoral lymphatics

Question 29

Failure of the ventral and dorsal parts of the pancreas to fuse, and development of pancreas divisum, occurs during which developmental week

Answer 29

8th

Question 30

Origin of the spleen

Answer 30

Mesentery of the stomach (hence, its mesodermal!)

Question 31

Ligament that contains the portal triad

Answer 31

Hepatoduodenal ligament

Question 32

Posterior duodenal ulcer have increased risk of perforating which artery, causing hemorrhage

Answer 32

Gastroduodenal artery

Question 33

Somatic innervation to the anal canal below the pectinate line

Answer 33

Inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve

Question 34

Enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of bile-acid synthesis

Answer 34

Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase

Question 35

Part of the duodenum that marks the end of the foregut and the start of the midgut

Answer 35

Ampula of Vater

Question 36

Parts of the crypts of Lieberkühn that are in charge of reabsorption and secretion

Answer 36

* Tip: absorption | * Base: secretion

Question 37

Absorption of folate takes place in which part of the small intestine

Answer 37

Jejunum

Question 38

Where are gastrin-releasing cells (G cells) located anatomically

Answer 38

* Antrum of the stomach | * Duodenum

Question 39

Receptor type, G protein, and signaling pathway of gastrin

Answer 39

* CCKb * Gq * IP3 pathway

Question 40

GI hormone that helps maintain the strength and integrity of gastric lining

Answer 40

Gastrin