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MT 12 LEC > PHLEBOTOMY > Flashcards

PHLEBOTOMY Flashcards

(133 cards)

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1
Q

What are the five types of blood vessels in the body?

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins
Venules

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2
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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3
Q

What is the smallest blood vessel where the exchange of water and chemicals occurs between the blood and tissues?

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Name the three major layers of both veins and arteries.

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa

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5
Q

What are the unique structures in Tunica Intima and Tunica Media

A

Internal Elastic Lamina

External Elastic Lamina

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6
Q

Which layer is the thickest in the arteries?

A

Tunica media

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7
Q

Which layer is the thickest in the veins?

A

Tunica externa

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8
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Narrowing of blood vessels

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9
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Widening of blood vessels

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10
Q

Where is the antecubital fossa located.

Why is it important for phlebotomy?

A

On the anterior of the elbow

It’s the first choice for routine venipuncture due to major veins

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11
Q

Which vein in the H-shaped antecubital vein is the preferred venipuncture site?

A

Median cubital vein

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12
Q

What should a phlebotomist do if they fail to draw blood from the median cubital vein?

A

Draw blood from another site after obtaining consent or proceed to the cephalic vein if not confident

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13
Q

Why is the basilic vein the last choice for venipuncture?

A

It is not well anchored and is near the brachial artery

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14
Q

What is the first choice vein in the M-shaped antecubital veins?

A

Median vein (intermediate antebrachial vein)

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15
Q

When should veins at the back of the hand be used for venipuncture?

A

Only if the antecubital veins are not accessible

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16
Q

Why should the underside of the wrist not be used as a venipuncture site?

A

It is used for arterial blood collection

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17
Q

Under what circumstance should leg, ankle

A

Only with the permission of a physician due to risk of complications like thrombosis

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18
Q

What is phlebotomy?

A

The act of drawing or removing blood from the circulatory system through a cut or puncture to obtain a sample for analysis and diagnosis

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19
Q

What role did the Egyptians play in the history of phlebotomy?

A

They were the first to perform bleeding by scarification

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20
Q

How did Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch contribute to the decline of bloodletting as a standard treatment?

A

They proved that inflammation resulted from infection and offered a scientifically legitimate way of thinking about the cause and treatment of illness

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21
Q

Name two conditions for which therapeutic phlebotomy is used.

A

Polycythemia vera and Sickle-cell anemia

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22
Q

List some critical areas to ensure quality in phlebotomy.

A
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23
Q

How should a phlebotomist identify a conscious in-patient?

A

Verbally ask their full name and verify using the identification bracelet

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24
Q

How are unconscious patients identified before blood collection?

A

By asking the attending nurse or relative and checking the ID bracelet

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25
What should a phlebotomist do when interacting with pediatric patients?
Be gentle and treat them with compassion
26
How should geriatric patients be addressed?
27
What is an antiglycolytic agent and give an example
It inhibits the use of glucose by blood cells; example: sodium fluoride
28
How does heparin prevent blood from clotting?
Prevents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
29
What is the purpose of a clot activator? Give examples.
Helps initiate or enhance the clotting mechanism; examples: glass (silica) particles and inert clays (celite)
30
What is the function of thixotropic gel in blood collection tubes?
It serves as a separation barrier between the liquid (serum and plasma) and cells during centrifugation
31
What are trace element-free tubes used for?
Trace element tests Toxicology studies Nutrient determination
32
What is Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD) used for and what components does it contain?
Immunohematology and Blood Banking Section; contains acid citrate (prevents coagulation) and dextrose (RBC nutrient and preservative)
33
What is Citrate Phosphate Dextrose (CPD) used for?
Anticoagulation in blood banking
34
* **Question:** What are the four functions of Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate (SPS)?
35
* **Answer:** Prevents coagulation
inactivates the Complement System
36
* **Question:** What does a 1:9 ratio mean in blood collection?
37
* **Answer:** 1 part anticoagulant to 9 parts of blood
38
* **Question:** What is the blood clotting time in a red-top tube?
39
* **Answer:** 60 minutes
40
* **Question:** What anticoagulant is in the light blue-top tube
and what is its concentration?
41
* **Answer:** 3.2% sodium citrate
42
* **Question:** What is the blood to anticoagulant ratio for the light blue-top tube?
43
* **Answer:** 9:1
44
* **Question:** What anticoagulant is in the green-top tube?
45
* **Answer:** Heparin
46
* **Question:** What anticoagulant is in the purple-top tube?
47
* **Answer:** EDTA
48
* **Question:** What is the function of sodium fluoride in the gray-top tube?
49
* **Answer:** Maintains plasma glucose levels
50
* **Question:** What is contained in the yellow-top tube?
51
* **Answer:** ACD or SPS
52
* **Question:** List the correct order of draw for evacuated tubes.
53
* **Answer:** 1. Blood Culture
2. Coagulation tube (light blue)
54
* **Question:** What are common antiseptics used in blood collection?
55
* **Answer:** 70% ethyl alcohol
70% isopropyl alcohol
56
* **Question:** What is the recommended material to hold over the site following blood collection procedures?
57
* **Answer:** Clean 2-by 2-inch gauze pads folded in fourths
58
* **Question:** What is the purpose of vein-locating devices?
59
* **Answer:** To locate veins that are difficult to see or feel
60
* **Question:** What is the function of a tourniquet in venipuncture?
61
* **Answer:** To restrict venous flow
but not arterial flow
62
* **Question:** What are the three types of phlebotomy needles?
63
* **Answer:** Multisample needles
hypodermic needles
64
* **Question:** What is the standard needle gauge for blood donation?
65
* **Answer:** 16 gauge needles
66
* **Question:** What is the most common gauge needle used in a Winged Infusion Set?
67
* **Answer:** 23-gauge needle
68
* **Question:** What is the purpose of evacuated tubes?
69
* **Answer:** To collect blood specimens using ETS or the syringe method
70
* **Question:** What could cause premature loss of vacuum in evacuated tubes?
71
* **Answer:** Improper storage
opening of the tube
72
* **Question:** What specimens should not be collected via capillary/skin/dermal puncture?
73
* **Answer:** ESR
Coagulation studies that require plasma specimen
74
* **Question:** What are microcollection containers?
75
* **Answer:** Also called microtubes used to collect tiny amounts of blood obtain through capillary puncture
76
* **Question:** What is the use of clay sealant?
77
* **Answer:** Used to seal one end of microhematocrit tubes to prevent washing out of sample
78
* **Question:** Why is capillary puncture blood less desirable for blood gas analysis?
79
* **Answer:** Due to its composition and temporary exposure to air during collection
80
* **Question:** How are neonatal bilirubin samples collected and protected?
81
* **Answer:** Quickly by heel puncture and protected from light during transportation and handling
collected in amber-colored micro collection tubes
82
* **Question:** What is the purpose of newborn/neonatal screening?
83
* **Answer:** Testing of newborns for the presence of certain genetic
metabolic
84
* **Question:** What are some finger puncture precautions?
85
* **Answer:** Do not puncture fingers of infants and children under 1 year of age
do not puncture fingers on the same side as mastectomy
86
* **Question:** What can cause a clotted sample?
87
* **Answer:** Failure to mix or inadequate mixing of samples collected into an additive tube
88
* **Question:** What procedural errors can cause hemolysis?
89
* **Answer:** Using too small of a needle and pulling back too hard on the plunger of a syringe
90
* **Question:** What is QNS?
91
* **Answer:** Insufficient sample
92
* **Question:** What can result from an insufficient sample?
93
* **Answer:** Affect Blood-to-Anticoagulant ratio (black and light blue tubes)
94
* **Question:** What is a possible effect of using an expired collection tube?
95
* **Answer:** Additive in an expired tube may not work properly
96
* **Question:** What are some examples of specimen contamination?
97
* **Answer:** Allowing alcohol
fingerprints
98
* **Question:** What is ecchymosis?
99
* **Answer:** Bruise caused by leakage of a small amount of fluid around the tissue
100
* **Question:** What is syncope?
101
* **Answer:** Fainting
102
* **Question:** What can cause a hematoma?
103
* **Answer:** Needle goes through the vein
bevel is partially inserted in the vein
104
* **Question:** What is edema?
105
* **Answer:** Swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intracellular spaces
106
* **Question:** What veins are appropriate for obese patients?
107
* **Answer:** Cephalic Vein
108
* **Question:** What is hemoconcentration?
109
* **Answer:** Is an increased concentration of larger molecules and analytes (potassium) in the blood as a result of a shift in water balance
110
* **Question:** How can prolonged tourniquet application affect test results?
111
* **Answer:** Primary effect is hemoconcentration
112
* **Question:** What are some complications that would make a vein unsuitable for venipuncture?
113
* **Answer:** Burned
damaged
114
* **Question:** What is hemolysis?
115
* **Answer:** Rupture of red blood cells with the consequent escape of hemoglobin
116
* **Question:** How can hemolysis be prevented?
117
* **Answer:** Mix tubes with anticoagulant additives gently
avoid drawing blood from a hematoma
118
* **Question:** What steps should be taken when drawing blood from a patient with IV therapy in both arms?
119
* **Answer:** Turn off the IV for at least 2 minutes to 5 minutes before venipuncture
place it first in a discard tube for 5 mL
120
* **Question:** How does posture affect test results?
121
* **Answer:** Changing from a supine (lying) to a sitting or standing position results in a shift of body water from inside the blood vessels to the interstitial spaces
122
* **Question:** How does exercise affect test results?
123
* **Answer:** Muscle activity elevates creatine
protein
124
* **Question:** How does diet affect test results?
125
* **Answer:** A temporary increase in glucose and lipid content in the blood
serum may appear cloudy or turbid
126
* **Question:** How does smoking affect test results?
127
* **Answer:** Increased white blood cell counts and cortisol levels
long term smoking can lead to decrease pulmonary function and result in increased hemoglobin levels
128
* **Question:** How does prolonged application of a tourniquet affect test results?
129
* **Answer:** Venous stasis; Potassium analyte is affected
130
* **Question:** How can a short draw affect test results?
131
* **Answer:** Hemodilution; affects Blood to anticoagulant ratio
132
* **Question:** How can using the wrong anticoagulant affect test results?
133
* **Answer:** Can lead to a clotted sample

MT 12 LEC (2 decks)

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