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A&P Lecture 2 - Respiration & Phonation > Phonation > Flashcards

Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

The force generated by the muscles of expiration influences the pressure of the airstream delivered to the larynx/vocal folds, i.e the __________ pressure

A

subglottic

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2
Q

The larynx is divided into what 3 main regions?

A

Supraglottis - above vocal folds
Glottis - level of vocal folds
Subglottis - below level of vocal folds

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3
Q

The space between the vocal folds is known as the __________

A

glottal opening

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4
Q

What is the total number of cartilages in the larynx?
How many are paired and unpaired?

A

9
3 paired cartilages
3 unpaired cartilages

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5
Q

What could happen to the hyaline cartilage of the larynx with old age?

A

It could calcify (accumulate mineralised calcium
deposits) – this reduces their flexibility and can alter voice quality

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6
Q

Which are the 3 unpaired cartilage structures of the larynx?

A

Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottis

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7
Q

How many pairs of articular facets (joint surfaces) does the cricoid cartilage have? What are they called and what kind of joints are they?

A

2
Superior and lateral joint facets
Synovial joints

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8
Q

The left and right plates of the thyroid cartilage meet in the middle at an angle (the _______ angle) to form the __________ __________ (Adam’s apple)

A

thyroid
laryngeal prominence

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9
Q

What are the 2 upper and lower projections of the thyroid cartilage called?

A

The superior and inferior horns

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10
Q

What do the superior and inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage connect to? How are they connected?

A

Superior horns - connect via ligaments to hyoid bone
Inferior horns fit against the lateral joint facets of the cricoid cartilage to form the left and right cricothyroid joints

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11
Q

Why is the hyoid bone known as a ‘floating bone’?

A

no articulation with other bones or cartilages
Suspended from the skull base and mandible (lower jaw) and anchored to laryngeal cartilages by muscles and ligaments
Forms the base (root) of the tongue, is a major supportive link between the larynx and tongue

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12
Q

Where do you find the arytenoids?

A

Sitting on top of the cricoid cartilage on the superior joint facets, between the plates of the thyroid cartilage

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the arytenoids

A

Pyramid-like shape
The vocal process projects anteriomedially (forwards and inwards) and is the posterior point of attachment of the vocal ligament

The muscular process projects laterally and is the point of attachment of some of the laryngeal muscles

The apex (peak) at the top of each pyramid-shaped arytenoid cartilage is also a point of attachment for some of the laryngeal muscles

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14
Q

Where is the epiglottis attached?

A

to the midline of the internal surface of the thyroid cartilage where the left and right thyroid plates meet at the thyroid angle

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15
Q

What are the 2 extrinsic ligaments (link the larynx to other structures) of the larynx?

A

The thyrohyoid membrane
The cricotracheal ligament

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16
Q

What are the 2 principal sets of paired (left and right) intrinsic ligament structures:

A

Lateral cricothyroid ligaments
Quadrangular membranes

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17
Q

What is the unpaired intrinsic ligament of the larynx?

A

The thyroepiglottic ligament

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18
Q

Where do the lateral cricothyroid ligaments connect?

A

Lateral cricothyroid ligaments
Connect the superior border of the cricoid cartilage with:
* the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly
* the midline of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly

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19
Q

The superior border of each
cricothyroid ligament is unattached
(free) and is thickened to form the left and right _____________

A

vocal ligaments

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20
Q

The cricothyroid and vocal ligaments are covered by the epithelial layer that lines the inner surface of the larynx, forming the _________

A

vocal folds

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21
Q

What do the quadrangular membranes connect to?

A

Connects lateral margin of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages

22
Q

The quadrangular membrane has 2 free borders
* The upper border forms the
_____________
* The lower border forms a fold
of tissue called the ___________ (vestibular or ventricular folds),
located superior to the vocal
folds

A

aryepiglottic fold
false vocal folds

23
Q

What are the 2 pairs of synovial joints in the larynx?

A
  1. Left and right cricothyroid joints
  2. Left and right cricoarytenoid joints
24
Q

Cricothyroid joint movement:
* Allows the thyroid cartilage to rotate in a ________ plane around a _________ axis so that it rocks forwards and backwards on the cricoid cartilage
* Because the vocal ligament is attached to the internal surface of the thyroid angle, rotation of the thyroid cartilage forwards and down ________ and tenses the vocal ligament (A→B)

A

Vertical
Transverse (horizontal)
Lengthens

25
Q

Describe the movement of the cricoarytenoid joints

A

Allows the arytenoid cartilages to rotate in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis so the the vocal processes can turn towards and away from each other
* Allows the arytenoid cartilages to glide back and forth diagonally on top of the cricoid cartilages
* These complex movements allow very fine control of vocal ligament position, length and tension during phonation

26
Q

What do mucosa membranes consist of?

A

Consists of a surface layer of epithelial cells and an underlying layer of connective tissue

27
Q

What does the epithelium of most of the larynx consist of?

A

It is a mucosa membrane. The epithelium of most of the larynx is ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium

28
Q

Which mucosa membranes of the larynx are not made up of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium? What are they made of and why?

A

The vocal folds and epiglottis
Made of stratified squamous epithelial cells
Tougher - resist wear and tear of vocal fold vibration and swallowing

29
Q

Label from left to right

A

Aryepiglottic fold
Arytenoid cartilage
Glottal opening
False vocal cord
Vocal folds

30
Q

Movements of the laryngeal apparatus can change the vocal fold: ________, _________, and ________

A

Length
Tension
Position (adducted vs abducted)

31
Q

Why are the vocal folds partially adducted during expiration?

A

To control the rate of expiration

32
Q

What are the 3 general functions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscle movements?

A
  1. Controlling the laryngeal inlet
    * Protects airway during swallowing
  2. Controlling the width/size of the glottal opening
    * Controls airflow
    * Moves vocal folds together and apart to start and stop phonation
    * Protects airway during swallowing
  3. Controlling the tension/length/thickness of the vocal folds
    * Controls vocal pitch and quality during phonation
33
Q

Which 2 sets of intrinsic muscles control the laryngeal inlet?
How do they function?

A

The oblique arytenoid muscles
The aryepiglottic muscles

The combined contractions of these
muscles draw the aryepiglottic folds
closer together and help the epiglottis seal over the laryngeal inlet
* These movements help prevent entry of food or liquids into the larynx during swallowing
* The action of this muscle sphincter is also used to resist high intrathoracic pressure, e.g. when coughing or lifting heavy objects

34
Q

Describe the structure of the oblique arytenoid muscles

A

Muscle pair, run diagonally from base (muscular process) of one arytenoid to apex of the other.

35
Q

Describe the structure of the aryepiglottic muscles

A

Run from the apex of the arytenoid cartilages to the rim of the epiglottis
Located in the aryepiglottic fold at the top of the quadrangular membrane

36
Q

What pair of muscles open the glottis? Describe their structure and function

A

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
Run from the posterior
surface of the cricoid
cartilage to the muscular
process of the arytenoid
cartilage
* Move the arytenoid cartilages
laterally and downwards on
the superior rim of the cricoid
cartilage

37
Q

Which muscle closes the glottis? Describe its structure and function

A

The transverse arytenoid muscle (unpaired)
Connects the arytenoid
cartilages on their posterior
surface
Sits underneath the oblique
arytenoid muscles

  • Closes the posterior part of the glottis by adducting the arytenoid cartilages
  • Can adduct the vocal folds until the glottis is completely closed
38
Q

What 4 pairs of muscles are responsible for vocal fold length and tension?

A

Cricothyroid muscles (vertical and oblique)
Thyroarytenoid muscles
Vocalis muscles
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

39
Q

Vocal fold length and tension

Describe the structure and function of the cricothyroid muscles

A

Run from the anterior surface
of the cricoid cartilage to
the lower edges of the
thyroid cartilage
* Consists of 2 parts (vertical
and oblique)

Muscle contraction causes movement at the cricothyroid joints, rocking the thyroid cartilage forwards and down relative to the cricoid cartilage
* Because the vocal folds run from the arytenoid cartilages (on top of the cricoid cartilage) to the inside of the thyroid angle, this movement causes the vocal folds to lengthen and tense
Ø increases pitch of vocal sounds

40
Q

Vocal fold length and tension

Describe the structure and function of the thyroarytenoid muscles

A

Run parallel to the vocal ligaments from arytenoid cartilage apex to midline of thyroid cartilage
 Muscle contraction can adduct, tense or relax the vocal ligaments
 When unopposed by other intrinsic muscles, contraction of this muscle relaxes the vocal folds
 When opposed by other intrinsic muscles (i.e. other muscles active), contraction of this muscle tenses the vocal folds

41
Q

Vocal fold length and tension
Describe the structure and function of the vocalis muscles

A

Formed from the part of the thyroarytenoid muscle adjacent to the vocal ligament
* Form the bulk of the vocal folds
* Run parallel and lateral to the
vocal ligaments from the vocal
process of the arytenoid cartilage to midline of thyroid cartilage
* Muscle contraction adjusts tension in small segments of vocal folds to vary voice pitch and quality → “fine-tuning”

42
Q

Vocal fold length and tension
Describe the structure and function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

A

Connect the lateral upper border of the cricoid cartilage with the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
Rotate the artyenoid cartilages
to adduct or relax the vocal
folds
Help to shape the glottis for
production of a whisper

43
Q

Describe the sequence of vocal fold movements during phonation

A
44
Q

During phonation, why is air pressure lower at the point of air passing through the vocal folds? What does this cause?

A

Air pressure is lower as the air speed is faster at this narrower passage (air particles less dense with faster speed)
This causes the ‘bernoulli effect’ whereby during phonation, Drop in pressure next to the vocal fold margins draws vocal folds
together, lower edge first (where pressure is lowest)

45
Q

What are the 2 extrinsic muscle groups of the larynx, what are their functions?

A

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle groups
Suprahyoid: Raises position of larynx
Infrahyoid: Lowers position of the larynx

46
Q

What are the attachments of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

From the hyoid bone to the skull base and mandible

47
Q

What are the attachments of the infrahyoid muscles

A

From the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage, sternum and clavicle

48
Q

What general changes to the structure of the larynx are expected at puberty?

A
  • Larynx descends during growth, lengthening the vocal tract
  • Increased chest wall and lung size provides greater breathing capacity
49
Q

What changes to the structure of the larynx are expected at puberty in males?

A
  • Male hormone testosterone causes faster growth of larynx, increase in
    size and thickness of vocal folds
  • Longer vocal folds result in deeper voice pitch, thicker vocal folds produce
    a change in voice quality
  • Voice changes often begin age 12-13 years, continue until age 15-18
50
Q

What changes to the larynx structure and function are associated with aging?

A

Ossification of laryngeal cartilages – deposition of mineral calcium salts in cartilages make them less flexible and can alter voice quality

  • Atrophy (shrinkage) of vocal fold connective tissue and laryngeal muscles
  • May result in more variable control of vocal pitch and intensity
  • Voice may become softer and weaker
  • Oedema (swelling) of vocal folds may occur with some health conditions
  • Interferes with normal vibration of vocal folds, resulting in vocal
    roughness or reduced intensity

A&P Lecture 2 - Respiration & Phonation (3 decks)

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