[___]
Some particular phone or set/series of phones.
A phone is an individual and particular sound
[a]
Sounds like but, nut, cut, bitter
Front-central
Open
Un-rounded vowel
[e]
Sounds like bet, wet, cigarette, lead (metal), read (past tense), red
Front
Close-mid
Un-rounded vowel
[b]
Sounds like bat, bike, nebula
Voiced
Bilabial
Plosive
[p]
Sounds like pale, pin, pit
Voiceless
Bilabial
Plosive (stop)
[s]
Sounds like snake, cast, clasp, kiss (not cars or please)
Voiceless
Alveolar
Fricative
[w]
Win, will, beware
Voiced
Labial-velar ?
Approximant
[j]
Yell, yes
Voiced
Palatal
Approximant
/_/
This is a phoneme, the general category of similar individual sounds or phones.
Eg /b/ might contain the phones [b], [B], and [p].
Languages usually don’t distinguish between phones belonging to the same phoneme
(There are tests to determine if a phone is part of one set but that’s in another deck)
Phonemes are the conventional labels for a particular group of phones (grouping varies between languages and dialects)
[t]
Tattoo, tap, pat
Voiceless
Alveolar
Plosive
[d]
Dad, paddle
Voiced
Alveolar
Plosive
[k]
Cat, pack, kitchen
Voiceless
Velar
Plosive
[g]
Get, giddy, pig (not gin)
Voiced
Velar
Plosive
[m]
Mad, mum, bemused
Voiced
Bilabial
Nasal
[n]
Nasal, mean, mooned, meaning
Voiced
Alveolar
Nasal
[n,]♑️
Sing, bang, bank, tranquil
Voiced
Velar
Nasal
[f]
Fun, photo, cough, graph
Voiceless
Labiodental
Fricative
[v]
Very, veneer, believe
Voiced
Labiodental
Fricative
[⛔️]
Thistle, pith, path
Voiceless
Dental
Fricative
[➰]
That, this, bath, bathe, the
Voiced
Dental
Fricative
[z]
Cars, please, bees
Voiced
Alveolar
Fricative
[r]
Rotated 180
Carry, run, rest (not par, cur)
Voiced
Alveolar
Approximant
[,|’]
Shin, pash, passion, cosh
Voiceless
Post alveolar
Fricative
[3]
Jus, fusion
Voiced
Post alveolar
Fricative
[h]
Hat, hurry, perhaps
Voiceless
Glottal
Fricative
[l]
Lion
Large, pull, pillow
Voiced
Alveolar
Approximant
[I]
Imogen
Hit, bib, crib
Front
Close
Un-rounded vowel
[i:]🔻🔺
Bee, see, eat, Eden, eve
Front
Close
Un-rounded vowel
[e]🔄
Central
Mid ?
Unrounded vowel
[c]🔄
Back
Open-mid
Rounded vowel
[ae]
Pat, back, apple
Front ?
Open ?
Un-rounded vowel
[a]🔄
Central
Open ?
Un-rounded vowel
[o:]🔻🔺
Back
Close-mid
Rounded vowel
[E] £
Pert, hurt, lurch, search? Curt
Central
Open-mid
Un-rounded vowel
[⛎]🔻🔺
Boot, hoot, lute
Central
Close
Rounded vowel
[♈️]
Put?
Back
Close
Un-rounded vowel
[d3] £
Jab, judge, grudge, djinn, gin
[t,|’]
Chin, chat, church
Voiceless
[e:] 🔻🔺
Air, care, pear, lair, Sarah
[aeI]
Bay, tray, ale,
Diphthongs
[Ie] 🔄
Here, clear, tear, peer (weary?)
Diphthong
[o,e]
o = a
Buy, sky, rye, kite
Diphthong
[oI]
Boy, toy, soy, cloying, hoist, moisture
Diphthong
[aec] 🔄
How, brown, sour, cloud, found
Diphthong
[e⛎] 🔄
Go, low, sew, roan, tone, loan
Diphthong