Phonetics

Question 1

What is Phonetics the study of?

Answer 1

Speech sounds

Question 2

What are speech sounds?

Answer 2

a phonetically distinct unit of speech.

Question 3

What is the Articulatory Process?

Answer 3

How you make sounds physically

Airstream mechanisms + phonation + articulation

Question 4

Acoustic Process

Answer 4

Vibrations of air molecules at different frequencies and amplitudes

Question 5

Speech segmentation into sounds

Answer 5

Creating segments of sounds, IPA symbols

Question 6

What are the 3 necessary things needed for speech production?

Answer 6

Air supply: set air in motion
Sound source: modulate airflow (vocal folds in larynx)
Filters: modify the sound (Vocal tract= Pharynx, Oral cavity, Nasal cavity)

Question 7

Egressive vs Ingressive airflow

Answer 7

Egressive = breathing out to make sounds
Ingressive = breathing in to make sounds

Question 8

Parts of the larynx

Answer 8

Vocal folds: pulled apart or together

Glottis: space between vocal folds

Question 9

What are Glottal states?

Answer 9

Different positions of vocal folds

Question 10

Name 4 glottal states

Answer 10

Voiceless
Voiced (modal)
Breathy (voiced)
Creaky

Question 11

Voiceless (name the position of vocal folds, example of some voiceless sounds, vibration?)

Answer 11

Vocal folds = pulled apart
[s], [f], [h]
No vibration

Question 12

Voiced (name the position of vocal folds, example of some voiced sounds, vibration?)

Answer 12

Vocal folds = brought together
[z], [v]
Vibration

Question 13

What does the rate of vocal fold vibration change?

Answer 13

Makes different pitches

Question 14

Breathy (name the position of vocal folds, example of some breathy sounds, vibration?)

Answer 14

Vocal folds = semi open
In English does not differentiate sounds but in some languages it does (eg. Hindi)
Still vibrates

Question 15

Creaky (name the position of vocal folds, example of some creaky sounds, vibration?)

Answer 15

Vocal folds compressed and slack (open ad close irregularly)
Also does not distinguish sounds in English (does in Hausa)
Vibrates slowly and irregularly

Question 16

Articulatory differences between vowels and consonants?

Answer 16

V: Open vocal tract
C: Constriction of the vocal tract

Question 17

Aerodynamic differences between vowels and consonants?

Answer 17

V: laminar airflow (all same way and straight)
C: no or turbulent airflow (air flow goes all over)

Question 18

Acoustic differences between vowels and consonants?

Answer 18

V: More acoustic energy, no noise
C: less acoustic energy, may involve intervals of silence or noise

Question 19

3 ways to describe consonants

Answer 19

Voicing
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation

Question 20

Consonant places of articulation

Answer 20

Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postaveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal 
Glottal

Question 21

Where? Bilabial (examples?)

Answer 21

Lower and upper lip

[b], [p], [m]

Question 22

Where? Alveolar (example?)

Answer 22

Tongue blade and alveolar ridge

Question 23

Where? Retroflex (examples)

Answer 23

Underside of tongue tip and palate

Not really used in English

Question 24

Where? Velar (examples?)

Answer 24

Back of tongue and velum

Question 25

Where? Labiodental (examples?)

Answer 25

Lips Teeth

Question 26

Where? Dental (examples?)

Answer 26

Teeth

Question 27

Where? Alveopalatal (examples?)

Answer 27

Behind alveolar ridge

Question 28

Where? Palatal (examples?)

Answer 28

Palate flat part on roof of mouth

Question 29

Where? Uvular (examples?)

Answer 29

Uvula | no examples in English

Question 30

Where? Pharyngeal (examples?)

Answer 30

Pharynx most back of throat

Question 31

Where? Glottal (examples?)

Answer 31

Larynx | [h]

Question 32

What is a stop?

Answer 32

Stopping airflow: [p b t d k ɡ]

Question 33

Fricatives

Answer 33

Constricting airflow to create turbulent noise | [f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h]

Question 34

Nasals

Answer 34

Nasals: Diverting airflow to another resonator (nasal cavity) [m n ŋ] lowered velum

Question 35

Approximants and Laterals

Answer 35

Dramatically changing the oral cavity resonator [ɹ/r/l] Partial constriction without turbulence

Question 36

Aspiration?

Answer 36

Voiceless stops in English are often aspirated (release of stop with a burst of air) Superscript h

Question 37

Affricates?

Answer 37

A stop and a fricative in fast succession | [t͡ʃ] or [tʃ]

Question 38

Glides?

Answer 38

``` Important Approximant (semi vowel) [j], [w] ```

Question 39

What is the vowel chart based on?

Answer 39

Vowel chart is organized according to where highest point in | the mouth the tongue is

Question 40

resonant frequencies?

Answer 40

The sound that is made

Question 41

Ways that we describe vowels?

Answer 41

``` Height Backness Roundness Nasal (assume oral if otherwise) length (assume short) [i] is a high front unrounded vowel ```

Question 42

Monopthongs vs Dipthongs

Answer 42

[i] vs [aj], [ow] | Dipthongs still count as one segment

Question 43

What does the vowel chart look like?

Answer 43

Canadian vowel chart

Question 44

Oral vs nasal vowels

Answer 44

Oral: velum is raised Air flow through oral cavity only Nasal: Velum is lowered Air flow through oral cavity and nasal cavity

Question 45

Suprasegmentals

Answer 45

``` Phonetic and phonological phenomena that are ‘overlaid’ on segments (consonants & vowels) e.g. – Stress – Tone and intonation – Length – … ```

Question 46

What does it mean to be a stressed syllable?

Answer 46

Stressed: tend to be louder tend to be longer May display a pitch movement

Question 47

Primary stress and secondary stress

Answer 47

psycholinguistics /ˌsaj.kow.lɪŋ.ˈɡwɪs.tɪks/ magnification /ˌmæɡ.nɪ.fɪ.ˈkej.ʃən/ generation /ˌdʒɛ.nə.ˈrej.ʃən/

Question 48

Tone? Change word meaning?

Answer 48

``` Use pitch to signal differences in word meaning lexical tone 2 types: Level tones (low,mid,high) Contour tones (have shapes) ```

Question 49

Intonation? Change word meaning?

Answer 49

Pitch contrast to convey post-lexical meaning | same words different specific meanings

Question 50

Pitch accent?

Answer 50

• Tones associated to stressed syllables are called pitch accents, and are often transcribed with a star: L*, H*

Question 51

Boundary tones?

Answer 51

Tones associated with the edges of utterances are called boundary tones, and are often transcribed with a percent symbol: L%, H%

Question 52

Intonation phrase

Answer 52

Intonation phrase defined by sequence of at least one pitch accent and one boundary tone

Question 53

Length? Change word meaning?

Answer 53

Yes lexical | constrasts involving duration

Question 54

Flapping

Answer 54

``` In North American English, what would be [t] in other dialects often* realized as [ɾ] : voiced alveolar flap – butter [bʌɾɚ] – parity [pɛɹɪɾi] ```

Question 55

What does the consonant table look like

Answer 55

Draw it