Phonetics

Question 1

Primary Vocal Organs

Answer 1

Lungs, Trachea, Larynx, Pharynx, Oral Cavity, Nasal Cavity

Question 2

3 mechanisms of speech production

Answer 2

Respiration, Phonation, Articulation

Question 3

Respiration

Answer 3

energy source of air supply, air pressure is maintained by the intercostals and diaphragm, many speech sounds are pulmonic egressive (sound that comes from air flowing out)

Question 4

Articulation

Answer 4

the sound filter, how sound is modified into speech

Question 5

Phonation

Answer 5

the sound source - converts air flow to sound, air flows up the trachea -> larynx -> vocal folds and vibrate (which change into different glottal states)

Question 6

Glottal States

Answer 6

Vocal fry, Falsetto, Modal, Voiceless, Voiced, Whisper, Murmur

Question 7

Falsetto

Answer 7

vocal folds are pressed together leaving a think space for air to leave - high pitch

Question 8

Modal

Answer 8

regular speech sound - combination of voiced and voiceless

Question 9

Voiceless

Answer 9

When the vocal folds are pulled apart and air can pass through the glottis with no interference - initial sound of fish

Question 10

Voiced

Answer 10

When the vocal folds are pulled close but not completely together - air passes through and vibrates (initial sound of zip)

Question 11

Whisper

Answer 11

voiceless sound - vocal folds are adjusted so that the front portions ate pulled close and the back are apart

Question 12

Murmur

Answer 12

breathy voice - voiced sounds abut are relaxed enough to allow air to escape (initial sound of ghee)

Question 13

Main Speech Organs

Answer 13

lungs, vocal cords, tongue, teeth, lips, nose

Question 14

lungs

Answer 14

supply air for speech

Question 15

vocal cords

Answer 15

produce vibrations for speech sounds

Question 16

tongue

Answer 16

articulates vowels and consonants

Question 17

teeth

Answer 17

provides place of articulation for consonants

Question 18

lips

Answer 18

articulates vowels and consonants

Question 19

nose

Answer 19

provides nasal resonance during speech

Question 20

Sound classes

Answer 20

vowels, consonants, glides (share properties of both V and C)

Question 21

Articulatory difference

Answer 21

with vowels there is very little obstruction in the vocal tract and are usually voiced.
with consonants there may be a complete or narrowing closure, air is usually restricted, may be voiced or voiceless

Question 22

Acoustic Difference

Answer 22

Vowels are more sonorous and we percieve them as longer lasting and louder

Question 23

syllable

Answer 23

peak of sonority surrounded bt less sonorous segemnets (we count the syllables in words by the main vowels - laughing = 2)

Question 24

Nucleus

Answer 24

a vowel is sometimes referred to as the nucleus of the syllable

Question 25

glides

Answer 25

rapidly articulated nonsyllabic segement - produce the articulation of a vowel but quickly terminate or move to another articulation (end sound in boy or initial sound in wet)

Question 26

Tongue articulation

Answer 26

tip, blade, body, back, dorsum, root

Question 27

tip of tongue

Answer 27

narrow area ay the front

Question 28

tongue blade

Answer 28

part just behind the lip

Question 29

tongue body

Answer 29

main mass

Question 30

tongue back

Answer 30

hindmost part that lies in the mouth (not the throat)

Question 31

dorsum

Answer 31

the body and back joint together

Question 32

tongue root

Answer 32

contained in the upper part of the throat (the pharynx)

Question 33

places of articulation

Answer 33

lips, oral cavity, in the phraynx, at the glottis

Question 34

labial sounds

Answer 34

any sound made with the closure or near closure of the lips

Question 35

labiodentals

Answer 35

sounds involving the lower lip and upper teeth (initial sound of fire)

Question 36

bilabials

Answer 36

sounds involving both lips (intial sound of peer)

Question 37

dentals

Answer 37

phones produced with the tongue places agaisnt or neat the teeth (initial sound of the french word dire)

Question 38

interdentals

Answer 38

sounds when the tongue is place between the teeth (initial sound of this)

Question 39

alveolar

Answer 39

sound made when the tongue is pressing or behind the alveolar ridge (initial sound of deer)

Question 40

alveopalatal

Answer 40

when the tongue is pressed on the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge (initial sound of show or chip)

Question 41

palatals

Answer 41

the highest part of the roof of the moth is the palate, when the tongue is near this area it makes palatal sounds (yes is a palatal glide)

Question 42

velar

Answer 42

the soft area at the roof of the mouth is the velum, sound made when touching or near it are velars (initial sound of call or guy)

Question 43

labiovelar

Answer 43

when the tongue body is raised to the velum and the lips are rounded (the glide wet)

Question 44

uvular

Answer 44

the small fleshy flap that hangs from the velar - sounds that come from this area (The French r in faire)

Question 45

pharyngeal

Answer 45

sounds made through modification of airflow in this region by retracting the tongue or constrincting the pharynx (found in dialects of Arabic)

Question 46

glottal

Answer 46

sounds produced using the vocal folds as primary articulators (initial sound of heave or the British pronunciation of bottle)

Question 47

Manner of Articulation

Answer 47

oral, nasal, stop, fricative, affricates, stridents, aspirated, unaspirated, unreleased stops, liquids, laterals

Question 48

oral phones

Answer 48

when the velum is raised to block airflow to the nasal cavity

Question 49

nasal phones

Answer 49

when the velum is lowered, both vowel and consonants can be nasal - most nasal vowels are due to their proximity to nasal consonants

Question 50

stops

Answer 50

made with complete closure of oral cavity or glottis | The glottal stop is found in the word "uh-uh" and is voiceless

Question 51

fricatives

Answer 51

consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth, belong to the continuants class (contains vowels and glides), accompanied by a continuous audible noise because air passes through a small point at the glottis

Question 52

alveolar fricatives

Answer 52

some people raise the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge and allow air to pass through the grooved channel in the tongue Others use the blade of the tongue with the tip placed behind the front teeth

Question 53

affricates

Answer 53

when stop articulation is released, teh tongue moves rapidly away from the place of articulation (non-continuant consonants show a slow release) English has 2 alveoplatal affricates (church and jump)

Question 54

Stridents

Answer 54

the acoustic criertia to descibe fricatives and affricates on loudness (nosier = strident, quieter = non-strident)

Question 55

Aspiration

Answer 55

after the release of certain voicless stops you can hear a brief delay and release of air before the next vowel voicing (transcribed as superscript h)

Question 56

unreleased stops

Answer 56

these words do nor release the word-final stops at all (cap, pot, back) phonetic symbol is a raised [ ̚]

Question 57

liquids

Answer 57

oral sonorus consonats (L and R)

Question 58

Lateral L

Answer 58

articulated with the tip of teh ongue touching the alveolar ridge while air escapes along the lowered sides of the tongue, usually voiced

Question 59

voiceless laterals

Answer 59

the voiceless dental or alveolar lateral is written with the diacritic (n̥)

Question 60

Lateral R

Answer 60

made by rolling the tongue tip nack and bunching the tongue upward and back in the mouth (retroflex [ride]) when the tongue strikes the alveolar ridge as it quickly passes across (flap - the 2 t's in [bitter])

Question 61

syallbic liquids and nasals

Answer 61

more sonorous than other consonants and more like vowels - they function as the syllabic nuclei

Question 62

vowel qualities

Answer 62

produced by varying the placemnet of thebody of the tongue and shaping the lips (the tip of the tongue is always behind the lower teeth)

Question 63

vowel descriptions

Answer 63

tense, height, backness, roundness

Question 64

Simple vowels

Answer 64

dont show a noticable change in quality during articulation (pit, dog)

Question 65

diphthongs

Answer 65

vowels that exhibit a change in quality during articulation (due to tongue movemney away from the initial vowel articulation toward the glide position)

Question 66

minor diphthongs

Answer 66

the change in position is less dramatic (ej) (ow)

Question 67

major diphthongs

Answer 67

have a larger change in articulation that make it easier to hear (aj) (oj) (aw)

Question 68

mid vowels

Answer 68

vowels where the tongue is neither raised nor lowered (first vowel of frame is mid front) (first vowel of code is mid back)