Phonetics- Consonants

Question 1

What causes constriction?

Answer 1

Two articulators being brought close together to impede airflow

Question 2

How are consonants identified?

Answer 2

Voicing or phonation
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation/ degree of stricture

Question 3

[p]

Answer 3

Voiceless bilabial plosive

Question 4

[b]

Answer 4

Voiced bilabial plosive

Question 5

[t]

Answer 5

Voiceless alveolar plosive

Question 6

[d]

Answer 6

Voiced alveolar plosive

Question 7

[k]

Answer 7

Voiceless velar plosive

Question 8

[g]

Answer 8

Voiced velar plosive

Question 9

[p][b], [t][d], [k][g], [f][v], [θ][ð], [s][z], [ʃ][ʒ], [tʃ][dʒ] - What are these pairs of sounds known as?

Answer 9

Voiced/ voiceless pairs

Question 10

What is the voiceless pair of [b]?

Answer 10

[p]

Question 11

What is the voiced pair of [t]?

Answer 11

[d]

Question 12

What is the voiceless version of [g]?

Answer 12

[k]

Question 13

[ʔ]

Answer 13

Glottal stop

Question 14

What is a glottal stop a variant pronunciation of?

Answer 14

[t]

Question 15

Where is a glottal stop most common in a word?

Answer 15

At the end

Question 16

Can a glottal stop, in theory, be used anywhere in a word?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

When does aspiration occur?

Answer 17

When a voiceless plosive is followed by a voiced sound

Question 18

What is aspiration?

Answer 18

When a brief puff of air follows a voiceless plosive, meaning that there is a delay in the onset of voice after the closure has been released.

Question 19

Are nasals a type of plosive?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What distinguishes a nasal from a normal plosive?

Answer 20

Air flows through the nasal cavity, not through the mouth

Air doesn’t build up behind the closure, as the velum is lowered

Question 21

[m]

Answer 21

Voiced bilabial nasal

Question 22

[n]

Answer 22

Voiced alveolar nasal

Question 23

[ŋ]

Answer 23

Voiced velar nasal

Question 24

What happens in the articulation of fricatives?

Answer 24

The air is pushed through the small space between the articulators

Question 25

[f]

Answer 25

Voiceless labiodental fricative

Question 26

[v]

Answer 26

Voiced labiodental fricative

Question 27

[θ]

Answer 27

Voiceless dental fricative

Question 28

[ð]

Answer 28

Voiced dental fricative

Question 29

[s]

Answer 29

Voiceless alveolar fricative

Question 30

[z]

Answer 30

Voiced alveolar fricative

Question 31

[ʃ]

Answer 31

Voiceless post-alveolar fricative

Question 32

[ʒ]

Answer 32

Voiced post-alveolar fricative

Question 33

[h]

Answer 33

Voiceless glottal fricative

Question 34

What is the sub-group of fricatives that [s], [z], [ʃ] and [ʒ] belong to called?

Answer 34

Sibilants

Question 35

How are sibilants articulated?

Answer 35

They use the tongue to force air through a small channel directed at the alveolar ridge.

Question 36

Glottal sounds are technically what?

Answer 36

A type of phonation (voicing), not a place of articulation

Question 37

In the articulation of [h], what are spread?

Answer 37

The vocal folds

Question 38

What does the vocal folds being spread in the sound [h] do to the following vowel?

Answer 38

Gives it a 'breathy', voiceless quality

Question 39

What do affricates consist of?

Answer 39

A plosive released into a fricative

Question 40

What does homorganic mean?

Answer 40

That the two sounds in a fricative share roughly the same place of articulation

Question 41

What do the two sounds in an affricate share?

Answer 41

Same phonation and roughly the same place of articulation

Question 42

[tʃ]

Answer 42

Voiceless post-alveolar affricate

Question 43

[dʒ]

Answer 43

Voiced post-alveolar affricate

Question 44

What happens in the articulation of an approximant?

Answer 44

The articulators come close together, but not close enough to cause turbulent airflow.

Question 45

What type of phonation do approximants have?

Answer 45

They are all voiced

Question 46

[r]

Answer 46

Voiced alveolar approximant

Question 47

[l]

Answer 47

Voiced alveolar lateral approximant

Question 48

[j]

Answer 48

Voiced palatal approximant

Question 49

[w]

Answer 49

Voiced labial-velar approximant

Question 50

What does the lateral approximant articulation of [l] involve?

Answer 50

The sides of the tongue coming into proximity with the roof of the mouth, with the tongue blade on the alveolar ridge

Question 51

What is a normal [l] sound known as?

Answer 51

Clear l

Question 52

What is a velarised [l] sound known as?

Answer 52

Dark l

Question 53

What is the secondary articulation in dark l?

Answer 53

The back of the tongue is raised towards the velum

Question 54

When is dark l used?

Answer 54

When it is the final sound in a word | Before another consonant

Question 55

What is the symbol for dark l?

Answer 55

[ɫ]

Question 56

What is another name for semivowels?

Answer 56

Glides

Question 57

What are semivowels a subgroup of?

Answer 57

Approximants

Question 58

How are semivowels close to vowels?

Answer 58

They have an articulation close to that of a high vowel

Question 59

How are semivowels like consonants?

Answer 59

They don't create a syllable, unlike a vowel

Question 60

Which vowel corresponds to the semivowel [j]?

Answer 60

The high front unrounded vowel [i]

Question 61

Which vowel corresponds to the semivowel [w]?

Answer 61

The high back rounded vowel [u]

Question 62

What is unusual about [w]?

Answer 62

It is labial-velar, as there are approximant articulations at both the lips and the velum