Phonetique + letters Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
use [i] for what letters?
A
i
î
ï
y
2
Q
exceptions for “ai” = [ɛ]
A
“ail” and “aill” = [aj]
“aï” = [a i]
“ay” in forms of pays = [pe i]
“ai” in forms of faire with 2 syllables = [ə]
3
Q
exceptions for “e” = [ɛ]
A
when “e” is before “mm” or “nn” is it [a]
4
Q
use [a] for what letters?
A
a
oi
e + “mm” or “nn”
5
Q
vocal harmonisation
A
With open ending syllables: the [ɛ] becomes [e] in a word if it is followed by a closed vowel sound: [e], [i], [y]
ex. sèche = [sɛʃ] and séché = [se ʃe]
* but never when the internal syllable is closed
6
Q
use [y] for what letters?
A
u
û
exception: past particle of avoir: “eu” = [y]
7
Q
use [ø] for what letters?
A
eu
oeu
*use when the syllable is open (or when followed by z)
8
Q
use [œ] for what letters?
A
oeu
*use when syllable is closed (i.e. consonant after is pronounced)
9
Q
use [u] for what letters?
A
ou
où
oû
10
Q
use [o] for what letters?
A
o ô eau au (use in open syllables)
11
Q
use [ɔ] for what letters?
A
o
au
-um (ending only)
(use in closed syllables)
12
Q
use [ɑ̃] for what letters?
A
an am en em aen aon
13
Q
use [ɛ̃] for what letters?
A
aim ain eim ein im in ym yn un um except: sometimes the ending -um = [ɔm]
14
Q
use [ɔ̃] for what letters?
A
on
om
15
Q
when to make the vowel nasal at the end of words
A
- if it’s followed by -n or -m
- if there are other consonants after -n or -m
- if there are other consonants after -n or -m and a silent “e” (or-ent)
16
Q
when to make the vowel oral at the end of words
A
-if it’s followed by -nn or -mm or -n or -m and a silent “e”
17
Q
when to make the vowel nasal within words
A
-if the “n” or “m” is followed by a pronounced consonant or more than one pronounced consonant
18
Q
when to make the vowel oral within words
A
- if it’s followed by “n” or “m” or “nn” or “mm” and then a vowel
- the prefix em- and en- are always nasal even if followed by an “n” or “m”
19
Q
bien
A
[bjɛ̃]
20
Q
et
A
[e]
21
Q
que
A
[kə]
22
Q
juillet
A
[ʒɥi jɛ]
23
Q
écueil
A
[e kœj]
24
Q
un
A
[ɛ̃]
25
exceptions for "en" = [ɑ̃]
```
examen = [eg za mɛ̃]
agenda = [a ʒɛ̃ da]
ending -ien = [jɛ̃]
ending -éen = [ɛ̃]
ending -yen = [jɛ̃]
```
26
use [ɛ] for what letters? (Endings)
- et
- ai + ...
- (e, è, ê, ai, ei) + C (because always use [ɛ] when syllable is closed)
27
Messieurs
[me sjø]
28
les voyelles arrondie
```
[y]
[ø]
[œ]
[ə]
[u]
[o]
[ɔ̃]
[ɔ]
```
29
les voyelles écartée
```
[e]
[a]
[i]
[ɛ]
[ɛ̃]
[ɑ̃]
```
30
h aspiré words
haut
| hoqueté [ɔk te]
31
ancien
[ɑ̃ sjɛ̃]
32
huit
[ɥi]
33
un
[y]
34
mieux
[mjø]
35
before an h apsiré
interdit
36
before "huit " or "onze"
interdit
37
singular noun + adjective
interdit
38
nominal group + verb
interdit: "les president X apparait"
39
multi-syllable pronoun + verb
interdit: "quelqu'un X éspère"
40
after inversion
interdit
41
interrogative word + verb
interdit
42
after "et"
interdit
43
plural noun + adjective
facultative
44
verb + verb
facultative
45
verb + adverb
facultative: "est encore"
46
after negation
facultative
47
after multi-syllable adverbs
facultative: "assez, extrememant"
48
after "mais"
facultative
49
multi-syllable prepositions
facultative: "après, avant, depuis, devant, pendant, durant, suivant"
50
interdit exceptions
"comment allez-vous?"
"Qaund est-ce que..."
"Un accent aigu."
51
subject pronoun + verb
obligatoire: "vous ètes"
52
subject pronoun + object pronoun
obligatoire: "je vous y..."
53
object pronoun + pronoun
obligatoire
54
verb + pronoun
obligatoire: "Que fait-on?"
55
determinator + noun
obligatoire: "quelques idées" ou "mes étudiants"
56
adjective + noun
obligatoire
57
monosyllable adverb + adjective
obligatoire: "très abstraite" ou "plus original"
58
monosyllable prepositions + noun/pronoun/article before a noun
obligatoire: "dans une" "chez eux" "sous un"
59
"quand" + pronoun/noun
obligatoire: "quand il" "quand Helene"
60
after "dont" and "tout"
obligatoire
61
Verb + determinant/noun/preposition
Facultative: “c’est exact” “ils arrivent à heure” “il prend une”
62
[ɥ]
corresponds to sound [y] and letters "u"
"u" + V = ɥV
nuit [nɥi]
tuant [tɥɑ̃]
63
[j]
corresponds to sound [i] and letters "y" and "i"
"i" + V = jV
hier [jɛr]
yeux [jø]
64
[w]
corresponds to sound [u] and letters "ou", "oi", and "oe"
moelle [mwal]
jouons [ʒwɔ̃]
65
one vs two syllables semi-voyelles
p, t, y, k, b, d, g, f, v + r or l = two syllables
| if one consonant, the the semi-voyelle = 1 syllable
66
cinq mots exceptions
| -ill
```
mille
ville
tranquille
Lille
distiller
and derivatives
```
67
oignon
[ɔ ɲɔ̃]
68
Chez
[ʃe]
69
Vieille
[vjɛj]
70
after an infinitive
facultative
71
exceptions to the semi voyelle rule
```
fruit [frɥi]
pluie [plɥi]
truite [trɥit]
bruit [brɥi]
bruine [brɥin]
bruire [brɥir]
druide [drɥid]
```
72
coin
[kwɛ̃]
73
ruelle
[rɥɛl]
74
cruel
[kry ɛl]
75
riant
[rjɑ̃]
76
friand
[fri jɑ̃]
77
"le" after a verb
e caduc obligatoire
78
C + C + ə + c
e caduc obligatoire
79
at the end of a word
e caduc interdit
80
monosyllables: "ce" "de"
facultatif
81
Cl, Cr + e: isolated word
facultatif
82
Cl, Cr + e: next word starts with vowel
interdit
83
isolated word with e caduc
obligatoire
84
C + ə + C: isolated word
interdit: amener
85
Cl, Cr + e: next word starts with consonant
obligatoire
86
C + ə + C + [j]
obligatoire
87
"e" + C + V
always [ə]
88
same sound: "ce soir" "le lit"
obligatoire
89
succession of syllables after a consonant
pronounce 1st, 3rd, 5th
| exceptions: "ce que" "je te" "parce que" (first one not pronounced, second one pronounced
90
"re" + "ss"
always [ə]
91
succession of syllables after a vowel
Pronounce 2nd, 4th
92
e cadut before an h aspiré
obligatoire
93
before [rj] or [lj]
facultative: "de rien"
94
"b" + "s" or "t"
[p]
95
subsister
[syb zi ste]
96
seconde
[sə gɔ̃d]
97
anecdote
[a nɛg dɔt]
98
examen
[ɛg za mɑ̃]
99
médecin
[mɛt sɛ̃]
100
"x"
[ks]
101
V + "x" + V
[gz] except for foreign words
102
wagon
[va gɔ̃]
103
soixante
[swa sɑ̃t]
104
Bruxelles
[bry sɛl]
105
six
[sis]
106
dix
[dis]
107
question
[kɛ stjɔ̃]
108
[ɲ] exceptions
```
stagnant
gnome
agnostique
diagnostique
magnum
prognostique
```
109
-kt, -pt muets
suspect [sys pe]
aspect [a spe]
distinct [di stɛ̃]
respect [re spe]
110
when not to pronounce -r at the end of words
infinitives: -er
adjectives and nouns of more than 1 syllable: papier
(except for l'amour, hiver, amer, cuiller, cancer, enfer or english words: gangster)
111
When not to pronounce -c at the end of words
when the word ends in a nasale vowel + c: banc, tronc
| other words: estomac, tabac, clerc, porc, caoutchouc
112
When not to pronounce -f at the end of words
nerf, clef, cerf, serf
| and not in the plural forms: Les oeufs, des boeufs
113
When not to pronounce -l at the end of words
soûl or cul
words of more than one syllable ending in a consonant + il: gentil, outil
except for avril, Brésil, persil, nombril
114
two pronunciations special words
août, le fait, le but, les moeurs
115
numbers two pronunciations
cinq, six, sept, huit, dix
pronounce end in front of a vowel
do not pronounce end (except for sept) in front of a consonant
116
Donc
in front of a consonant, do not pronounce the -c
| in front of a vowel, do pronounce it
117
Tous
pronoun: [tus]: Ils sont tous ici.
adjective: [tu]: tous le monde.
118
Plus (do not pronounce s)
negation
| comparative or superlative in front of a consonant
119
Plus (DO pronounce s)
comparative or superlative at the end of the sentence
in addition
in front of a vowel
120
Plus (facultative)
the expressions: de plus, en plus, au plus
121
exceptions to [ø]
```
veule [vøl] and meulage
jeûne [ʒøn] but, jeune [ʒœn]
beugle [bøgl] but, aveugle [avœgl]
meute [møt]
neutre [nøtr]
eudes [ød]
```
122
intonation rules
rising in the middle of sentences.
rising at the end of most questions, unless the question is several phrases in one sentence.
falling at end of sentences and before colons.
123
dental consonants
[t]
[d]
[l]
[n]
124
labio dental consonants
[f]
| [v]
125
bilabiale consonants
[p]
[b]
[m]
126
alvéolaire consonants
[s]
| [z]
127
palatale consonants
[ʃ]
[ɲ]
[ʒ]
128
vélaire consonants
[k]
[g]
[r]
[ŋ]
129
sourdes consonants
```
[p]
[t]
[k]
[f]
[s]
[ʃ]
[r]
```
130
hard k sound
"cc" + "i" or "e"
"cc" + "a" "o" "u"
"cc" + a consonant sound
"ch" in some words
131
ch words: hard K
```
archaique
archange
archeologie
chaos
chianti
chloro-
choeur
christ
chrome
chronologie
dichotomie
écho
orchestre
psychologie
technique
```
132
monsieur
[mə sjø]
133
Après + infinitive passé
Liaison obligatoire: après avoir bu
134
After “pas” and “plus”
Facultative, for the superlative
