Phono cm

Question 1

Accent

Answer 1

Way of pronouncing a language

Question 2

Dialect

Answer 2

Difference in grammar and vocabulary

Question 3

Variety

Answer 3

A version of language because of grammar, lexical, and pronunciation

Question 4

The ‘inherent value’ hypothetsis vs the imposed norm hypothesis.

Answer 4

A common belief is that if an accent becomes the norm, it is a better accent than the other, because of its quality
the imposed norm, when we look at history, it’s just a question of economic power. The action of a group, of a class, part of the history of nation.

Question 5

The difference between RP and standard english

Answer 5

RP: short for received pronunciation. It is an accent, not a dialect, not a viariety, an accent of english. A way of pronuncing english
Standard english, it is a dialect.it could be also a viariety but keep in mind it’s a dialect. It is where they are different, they are the same because both are norms.

Question 6

other names for RP

Answer 6

Sometimes,it is called oxford english, it shows the relation to a social group. Educated.A thing that wouldn’t be taiught in public school.
It’s a bit partial, a bit subjective. This restriction of a social group. Not so much money and education
also we call it bbc english, linked to power of infrormation which is linked to education
A way to strenght it, this link with radio and tv. Considered as a standard. Last name, the Queen’s english. The type of social group, power and education. These are not scientifical names and politic names.

Question 7

The sub -vierities of RP: we have two studies that were conducted in details: made in 1962 by GIMSON distinguished 3 sub categroies of RP with clear differences of the pronunciation

Answer 7

1. Conservative RP
2. General RP
3. Advanced RP
4. Spoken by the older generation and some professional groups.
5. The least marked version
6. The way RP was pronunced by younger members of groups who remain socially high.
   A variation = age
   younger ppl change the langage

Question 8

in 1982, Wells identifies 3 sub categories, but theywere slightly different

Answer 8

the first one: URP
2. Mainstream RP
3. Adoptive RP

One category is different
1. One is upperclass and accent, age isn’t such a difference (
2. General RP
3. Accent of people who have learnt this accent after another accent

Question 9

RP is also refered as ‘’NRP’’

Answer 9

this accronim could be understand ‘’NON regionional prononciation’’it is an accent of english, but has nothing to do with localisation.

Question 10

pour la differenciation geographique entre l’ancienete et le nombre.
Plus les gens sont installés depuis longtemps,

Answer 10

plus elle va connaître des accents regionaux differents

Question 11

isoglosse

Answer 11

isoglosse: ligne de demarcation entre deux variables de prononciation
variables par variables

Question 12

heteroglossie

Answer 12

L’hétéroglossie décrit la coexistence de variétés distinctes dans un seul « code linguistique »

Question 13

by W.LABOV 1966- the social gratification english in new york city

Answer 13

: education
income
occupation
Each study can rely on their own defintion of the social class of their apponants

Question 14

Wells in 1973 in a study that he conducted (the jamaican speech in london)

Answer 14

he decided to classify of speakers
manual occupations vs non manual occupations
(the only criterias he used) on the contrary

Question 15

another occupation would be Trudgill in 1974, he made the group and his informants

Answer 15

occupation
income
education
housing
locality
and farther occupation (your ancestor’s occupations)

Question 16

men and women

Answer 16

women achieves scores that are always signicantifically closer to the norm than men.
You’ll find that women achieve a score that is closer to the norm than men.

Question 17

fischer in 1958

Answer 17

he realised that boys said more /n/ than /N/
and women the opposite

Question 18

in 1965, conducted by Wolfrom, this time by detroit, black speech

Answer 18

blacks than more often drop the r as the norm normally required, in the contrary, but female informants pronounce more often the r letter. As that part in the united states

Question 19

Us vs UK

Answer 19

La norme aux us c’est la motricité, de ne pas te prononcer le r
mais en UK c’est la norme de ne pas pronouncer le R

Question 20

least controled,

Answer 20

casual style, shorted into (cs

Question 21

RPS: reading passage style

Answer 21

the style you’ll have if you’re asked to read a passage, and reccord all those informances
whenever we have asked to read something
it is more controled than the other two

Question 22

also a style which is formed style, someone is observing the way we speak

Answer 22

in terms of grammar and former style. Taken in a public space and reliable in dialogues
a recording when you annonce that they are ebing recorded

Question 23

most controled: world-list style WLS

Answer 23

read words, especially minimal-pair
a list that is formed because we are looking at particular variables.
Long list, a list that is long
the longer it is, the longer you get the authentic prononciation
the formal pronounciation x7 style in casual prononciation
17% in casual style, in wordly style you have 11%
You have more controleled style than another
a change on the different style, left handside, small number than in casual
former level , smaller number
You have bgger number at the bottom than a t the top
it’s linked to social class
lower social class change more their style
if you look at the top right hand corner
the casual style of the highest class, the most former style of the lowest class
On the top and middle class, they are aware they are being controlled that’s why there’s a 0

Question 24

children

Answer 24

Good examples: damzle ficatives ‘’f’’ and ‘’th’’ are not natural segmentizes/
Le θ et le ð not very frequent in langages
it is learnt by english children
they start other fricatives before doing that one
labial-dental fricatives are easier
you heart furfer before further

Question 25

TH fronting and TH stopping

Answer 25

TH-fronting, when an accent remplaces the labio dental fricative Th-stopping, , an unatural segment into something more natural it’s remplaces par t or d TH fronting a lot of blacks

Question 26

assimilation

Answer 26

a sound, a phoneme, phonetically similar by the sound surrounded by it, before or after it. The same type of articully example : better or atom t is a voiceless sound but some accents, T-voicing, to bring t to closer to what happened next, making it voiced instead of voiceless, it happened what is before and what is behind. Without wibrations of the vocal cords, which gives adom istead of atom. Which you can find in GA.

Question 27

Delition

Answer 27

the loss of our prononication at the end of the word ca instead of car, it’s easier. Same before a consonnant start is more complicated than star. Post-hoc you can predict. Only examples you can give it has happened, no value of predication

Question 28

. System preservation

Answer 28

ways and means of varition that keeps the first one in a resonable progress minimum efforts, if it is allowed to be always in progress, would lean to not pronuncing that much. A contradictory force that keeps preservation. Another changed preserve in terms of representation. Go back to the T voicing. In the environnement of two words : latter, can be prononced the same as ladder You can create homophones when you do the least effort

Question 29

You have the case of splits and merger

Answer 29

spilliting or splits : process by which what was previosuly phonemes becomes two phonemes. Two separate, distinct phonemes splitting is the process, by one single phoneme becomes two phonemes a phoneme and it’s alpha(a variant) becomes two phonemes example with near vowel and fleece vowel the fleece vowel in RP, cquire a variant which is a near vowel Allophone the near vowel with the presence of /r/ It happened when r was deleted the near vowel as a phoneme and not a variant. A phoneme that was necessary In opposition : mergers or merging, when a phoneme is affected by some change, and both merge into one phoneme not different enough to be sepaated phonemes example with war / wore (Same north wovel) a merger s It was a form of a verb that was modified

Question 30

Another influence on pronunciation

Answer 30

the influence of literacy continental vowelism, it is influenced by the knowledge, on someone in the european continent prononces words What the people have created the world. Not only very true, part of an imagination sometimes. If you prononces the prononciation , armada, the cake rules, the cake rule , should be EI The second pronunciation : armada with a : no justification in english ; a with the start vowel, how the spanish pronunciation would be. Continental pronunciation it’s for and in britain. Loan words or borrowed words. Start for letter a face for letter e fleece for letter i the way we imagine french, italian or spanish to be.

Question 31

hyperforeignism

Answer 31

The misapplication of foreign pronunciation or usage, particularly the use of a sound or form perceived as foreign where a native one is considered standard; an approximation that is misguided because misapprehensive or pedantic.

Question 32

1. Systemic accent

Answer 32

different that is about a difference in the system of sound. A smaller set of smbols hch is a system of that langage each accent of that langage in some accents you can have more vowels, and less ipa not same number of sound. Two accents have systemic differences. 2 accents differ by the number of their phonemes. IF we compare the accent of the north of ireland to RP Nortern accent of english ; have one phoneme that dissapear, which is the strut voweL. One vowel is no longer there, linked to the foot-strut merger to delete the strut vowel and use foot instead$ some symbols like the V reversed and the cross something that isn’t in rp one more consonnant, one more fricative it has to do with the system.

Question 33

Realisational differences

Answer 33

2 acccents have the same proneme but prononced differently. GOAT vowel RP schaw And in GA Pronunciation of letter soetimes it’s ree and sometimes raaaa sometimes can be pronoced as an alveolar a retroflex a rolled.

Question 34

Phonetitic differences

Answer 34

it’s about where it is pronoced you may have two accents that have the same number of phonemes When two accents difer by the environement they prononce that phoneme. Differentce between rhotic accent, non rhotic and semi rhotic accent 3 big families of accent depending on where they are pronocing the letter R R each time it is spelled semi rhotic, it depends , sometimes in final position and sometimes before a consonnant and a vowel the pronuncationing Yod-dropping both accents have the phoneme it is in the sytem. It is not the system in the differences

Question 35

Lexical-incidence differences

Answer 35

it’s diffeent in nature because it can’t be very general they are more localised to one of two words, but not large in nature Incidence it happens and lexical in a world wwe can’t generalise in all accents of that accent example : tomato schedule