Phonology

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

the study of the abstract categories

that organize the sound system of a language

Question 2

spectrogram

Answer 2

a graphic representation of the frequency distribution of the of sound waves

Question 3

phoneme

Answer 3

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another

Question 4

phone

Answer 4

a speech sound; the smallest discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech

Question 5

allophones

Answer 5

any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit, which are allophones of the phoneme k

Question 6

narrow transcription

Answer 6

encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific allophones in an utterance

Question 7

orthography

Answer 7

the study of spelling and how letters combine to represent sounds and form words

Question 8

distribution

Answer 8

the different positions in which a speech sound can occur or cannot occur in the words of a language

Question 9

complementary distribution

Answer 9

the occurrence of speech sounds in mutually exclusive contexts

Question 10

minimal pairs

Answer 10

a pair of words which

differ in only one sound, but differ in meaning

Question 11

extralinguistic

Answer 11

influences on how a word is spoken depending on for example prestige and social status

Question 12

velarise

Answer 12

pronounce (a speech sound) with the back of the tongue near the soft palate

Question 13

aspiration

Answer 13

the process of aspirating stops

Question 14

voiced stops

Answer 14

is a consonant in which the …. Voiced stops are pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords

Question 15

trill

Answer 15

the pronunciation of a consonant, especially r, with rapid vibration of the tongue against the hard or soft palate or the uvula

Question 16

flap(ping)

Answer 16

is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another

Question 17

Phonological rule predicting allophonic realizations of /p/ in RP /p/ is realized:

Answer 17

– as [ph] in word-initial position before vowels,
– as [p] between [s] and a vowel and between two vowels, and
– as [ph] or [p] or [p˺] in word-final position.

Question 18

rhotic

Answer 18

relating to or denoting a dialect or variety of English (e.g. in most of the US and southwestern England) in which r is pronounced before a consonant (as in hard ) and at the ends of words (as in far ).

Question 19

syllable

Answer 19

a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word

Question 20

Monosyllabic

Answer 20

consisting of one syllable

Question 21

syllabic consonants.

Answer 21

consonants which occupy the central part of the syllable

Question 22

vowel epenthesis

Answer 22

insertion of vowels into syllables

Question 23

cognates

Answer 23

words that have a common etymological origin

Question 24

syllabification

Answer 24

the division of words into syllables, either in speech or in writing

Question 25

Maximal Onset | Principle.

Answer 25

principle determining underlying syllable division. It states that intervocalic consonants are maximally assigned to the onsets of syllables in conformity with universal and language-specific conditions

Question 26

sonority

Answer 26

the relative loudness of a speech sound.