Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Linguistics I > Phonology > Flashcards

Phonology Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of the characteristics of individual speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription
→ Examines the inventory and structure of the sounds of speech
Goal: Identify, describe and transcribe human speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phonology

A

The study of the sound system of a language, of the linguistic status (i.e., the linguistic function) of given sounds in the system of a particular language
→ Strives to…
1. discover and describe the systematic phonetic patterns found in individual languages and
2. discover the general principles that underlie the patterning of sounds across all human languages
Goal: Discover structure of the sound system of a language and the language-particular functions of single sound units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

Study of the physical properties of speech sounds, and their transmission
→ Measuring duration, frequency, intensity and quality of speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Auditory phonetics

A

Study of the perception of speech sounds by the listener and how sounds are perceived and processed
→ How sounds are perceived and processed
Acoustic stimulus → Ear (auditory stimulus transformation in the ears) → Brain (neuronal processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

Study of how the speech organs (vocal organs, articulators) in the vocal tract are used in order to produce (articulate) speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A
  • Phonetic transcription = unambiguous mapping
  • 1 sound = 1 symbol: → /bɪˈliːv/ → /ˈpiːpəl/
  • One-to-one correspondence between phonetic symbol and speech sound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physiology of speech apparatus

A
  • Area above larynx (voice box → Vocal folds + Glottis): Vocal or oral tract
  • Glottis: open → breathing, partially open → whispering, closed (vibration) → speaking (phonation = voice)
  • Parts of the oral tract forming sound: Articulators
  • Articulators front to back: Lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate (velum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Consonants

A
  • Produced by obstructing the airstream somewhere in the vocal tract
  • Parameters: POA, MOA, Voicing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Place of articulation (POA)

A
  • Bilabial
  • Labiodental
  • Dental (interdental)
  • Alveolar
  • Alveopalatal
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Glottal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bilabial

A

Produced with both lips, pressed against each other: /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Labiodental

A

Produced by moving the lower lip against the upper teeth: /f/, /v/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dental (interdental)

A

Made with the tongue tip and rims between the upper and lower teeth or against the upper teeth: /θ/, /ð/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alveolar

A

Made with the tongue tip coming near or touching alveolar ridge: /t/, /s/, /d/, /z/, /n/, /l/, /r/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alveopalatal

A

Made with the tongue tip approaching or touching the rear of the alveolar ridge or the front of the hard palate: /ʃ/, /ʧ/, /ʒ/, /ʤ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Palatal

A

The body of the tongue comes near or touches the (hard) palate: /j/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Velar

A

Placing the back of the tongue against or near the velum: /k/, /g/, /ŋ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glottal

A

Produced in the larynx when the air passes through the glottis: /h/, /ʔ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Manner of Articulation (MOA)

A
  • Plosives (stops)
  • Fricatives
  • Affricates
  • Nasals
  • Approximants
  • Lateral approximant
  • Glides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Plosives (stops)

A

A complete closure at some point in the vocal tract: /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/, /ʔ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fricatives

A

The air forces its way through a very narrow opening between two speech organs: /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Affricatives

A

Sounds that combine friction and plosion (closure): /ʧ/, /ʤ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nasals

A

Velum lowered = A complete closure in the vocal tract; air escapes through the nose: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Approximants

A

Wider opening between the speech organs; continuous air stream but no friction: /r/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lateral approximant

A

Air escapes around the sides of a partial closure of the speech organ: /l/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Glides
Frictionless, quality of a vowel: /j/, /w/
26
Voicedness
- Vibrations of vocal folds depending on state of the glottis - Binary feature: - [+voice] = Air-stream forces its way through the narrow glottis causing vibration of vocal folds - [-voice] = Air-stream passes through open glottis without causing the vocal folds to vibrate
27
/p/
bilabial plosive unvoiced
28
/b/
bilabial plosive voiced
29
/t/
alveolar plosive unvoiced
30
/d/
alveolar plosive voiced
31
/k/
velar plosive unvoiced
32
/g/
velar plosive voiced
33
/ʔ/
glottal plosive unvoiced
34
/f/
labiodental fricative unvoiced
35
/v/
labiodental fricative voiced
36
/θ/
dental fricative unvoiced
37
/ð/
dental fricative voiced
38
/s/
alveolar fricative unvoiced
39
/z/
alveolar fricative voiced
40
/ʃ/
alveopalatal fricative unvoiced
41
/ʒ/
alveopalatal fricative unvoiced
42
/h/
glottal fricative unvoiced
43
/ʧ/
alveopalatal affricate unvoiced
44
/ʤ/
alveopalatal affricate voiced
45
/m/
bilabial nasals voiced
46
/n/
alveolar nasals voiced
47
/ŋ/
velar nasals voiced
48
/r/
alveolar approximant voiced
49
/l/
alveolar lateral approximant voiced
50
/j/
bilabial glide voiced
51
/w/
palatal glide voiced
52
Vowels
- Without any obstruction of the air-stream - Always voiced - Oral sounds (in English)
53
Parameters for the description of vowels
1. Tongue position - Height - Frontness/backness 2. Lip rounding 3. Tenseness
54
Monophthong = ‘Pure’ vowel
- Single vowel sound | - Speech organs do not change position
55
/u:/ | boon
high back tense rounded
56
/ʊ/ | put
high back lax rounded
57
/ɔ:/ | born
mid back tense rounded
58
/ɒ/ | pot
low back lax rounded
59
/ɑ:/ | barn
low back tense unrounded
60
/ə/
mid central lax unrounded
61
/ɜ:/
mid central tense unrounded
62
/ʌ/
low central lax unrounded
63
/i:/
high front tense unrounded
64
/ɪ/
high front lax unrounded
65
/ɛ/
mid front lax unrounded
66
/æ/
low front lax unrounded
67
Diphthong = Gliding vowel
- Vowel sequence consisting of two sound segments - Gliding from one position to another: starts with monophthong, then quality changes toward another monophthong - Analysed as one vowel phoneme!
68
/ɔɪ/ | boy
low back closing CI
69
/ʊə/ | cruel
high central centring CI
70
/əʊ/ | roe
mid central closing D
71
/aʊ/ | house
low central closing D
72
/aɪ/ | bite
low central closing I=I
73
/ɪə/ | ear
high front centring I=I
74
/eɪ/ | bait
mid front closing I=I
75
/ɛə/ | air
low front centring I=I
76
Segmental phonology
= The study of sounds as segments and their systematic combination in syllables and phonological words
77
Suprasegmental phonology
= The study of those features extending over more than one sound segment - Stress - Rhythm - Intonation - Pitch
78
The Phoneme / /
= Smallest unit with meaning-differentiating function - Abstract class representing a set of speech sounds that are… 1) …in complementary distribution 2) …phonetically similar
79
Minimal pair
= A pair of words that differ in meaning and in only one sound → Each of the contrasting sounds is a distinct phoneme - Minimal pairs have to consist of the same number of sounds! - Minimal pairs contrast in only one segment!
80
A Phone [ ]
= Actual realisation of phonemic pronunciation / Abstract sound class of a language
81
Allophone [ ]
= Different phonetic realisations of one and the same phoneme / Variant concrete realisations of a phoneme - One of at least two variant realisations of a phoneme - Do not contrast meaning - Allophones are in complementary distribution 1) Two or more allophones that cannot replace one another 2) Contextual variants = occurrence determined by phonetic environment
82
Regular Phonological Rules of Allophony
- Complementary distribution is rule-governed → Realisation of abstract phoneme depends on context - Phonological rule = input-output-rule → States how underlying representation (UR) is to be realised on the surface (SR) in a specific environment: A → B / C __ D
83
/p,t,k/→[ h]/σ(__V
Aspiration The voiceless plosives /p,t,k/ are realized as aspirated variant in the environment of standing in syllable initial position before a stressed vowel. [-sonorant, -continuant, -voice]→[ h]/σ(__[-consonantal, +syllabic] [phɪn], [thɪn], [khɪn]
84
/p,t,k/→[ h]/σ(__/l,r,j,w/
Aspiration The voiceless plosives /p,t,k/ are realized as aspirated variant in the environment of appearing in syllable initial position before the approximants /l,r,w,j/. [-sonorant, -continuant, -voice]→[ h]/σ(__[+sonorant, -nasal, +voice] [phl̥ eɪ], [thr̥ aɪ], [thw̥ ɪŋkəl], [khjuːt]
85
/b,d,g,v,z,ʒ,ð,dʒ/→[ ]/__)ω
Devoicing

Linguistics I (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions