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Linguistics I > Phonology > Flashcards

Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of the characteristics of individual speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription
→ Examines the inventory and structure of the sounds of speech
Goal: Identify, describe and transcribe human speech sounds

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2
Q

Phonology

A

The study of the sound system of a language, of the linguistic status (i.e., the linguistic function) of given sounds in the system of a particular language
→ Strives to…
1. discover and describe the systematic phonetic patterns found in individual languages and
2. discover the general principles that underlie the patterning of sounds across all human languages
Goal: Discover structure of the sound system of a language and the language-particular functions of single sound units

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3
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

Study of the physical properties of speech sounds, and their transmission
→ Measuring duration, frequency, intensity and quality of speech sounds

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4
Q

Auditory phonetics

A

Study of the perception of speech sounds by the listener and how sounds are perceived and processed
→ How sounds are perceived and processed
Acoustic stimulus → Ear (auditory stimulus transformation in the ears) → Brain (neuronal processes

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5
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

Study of how the speech organs (vocal organs, articulators) in the vocal tract are used in order to produce (articulate) speech sounds

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6
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A
  • Phonetic transcription = unambiguous mapping
  • 1 sound = 1 symbol: → /bɪˈliːv/ → /ˈpiːpəl/
  • One-to-one correspondence between phonetic symbol and speech sound
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7
Q

Physiology of speech apparatus

A
  • Area above larynx (voice box → Vocal folds + Glottis): Vocal or oral tract
  • Glottis: open → breathing, partially open → whispering, closed (vibration) → speaking (phonation = voice)
  • Parts of the oral tract forming sound: Articulators
  • Articulators front to back: Lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate (velum)
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8
Q

Consonants

A
  • Produced by obstructing the airstream somewhere in the vocal tract
  • Parameters: POA, MOA, Voicing
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9
Q

Place of articulation (POA)

A
  • Bilabial
  • Labiodental
  • Dental (interdental)
  • Alveolar
  • Alveopalatal
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Glottal
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10
Q

Bilabial

A

Produced with both lips, pressed against each other: /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/

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11
Q

Labiodental

A

Produced by moving the lower lip against the upper teeth: /f/, /v/

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12
Q

Dental (interdental)

A

Made with the tongue tip and rims between the upper and lower teeth or against the upper teeth: /θ/, /ð/

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13
Q

Alveolar

A

Made with the tongue tip coming near or touching alveolar ridge: /t/, /s/, /d/, /z/, /n/, /l/, /r/

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14
Q

Alveopalatal

A

Made with the tongue tip approaching or touching the rear of the alveolar ridge or the front of the hard palate: /ʃ/, /ʧ/, /ʒ/, /ʤ/

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15
Q

Palatal

A

The body of the tongue comes near or touches the (hard) palate: /j/

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16
Q

Velar

A

Placing the back of the tongue against or near the velum: /k/, /g/, /ŋ/

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17
Q

Glottal

A

Produced in the larynx when the air passes through the glottis: /h/, /ʔ/

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18
Q

Manner of Articulation (MOA)

A
  • Plosives (stops)
  • Fricatives
  • Affricates
  • Nasals
  • Approximants
  • Lateral approximant
  • Glides
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19
Q

Plosives (stops)

A

A complete closure at some point in the vocal tract: /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/, /ʔ/

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20
Q

Fricatives

A

The air forces its way through a very narrow opening between two speech organs: /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/

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21
Q

Affricatives

A

Sounds that combine friction and plosion (closure): /ʧ/, /ʤ/

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22
Q

Nasals

A

Velum lowered = A complete closure in the vocal tract; air escapes through the nose: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

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23
Q

Approximants

A

Wider opening between the speech organs; continuous air stream but no friction: /r/

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24
Q

Lateral approximant

A

Air escapes around the sides of a partial closure of the speech organ: /l/

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25
Q

Glides

A

Frictionless, quality of a vowel: /j/, /w/

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26
Q

Voicedness

A
  • Vibrations of vocal folds depending on state of the glottis
  • Binary feature:
  • [+voice] = Air-stream forces its way through the narrow glottis causing vibration of vocal folds
  • [-voice] = Air-stream passes through open glottis without causing the vocal folds to vibrate
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27
Q

/p/

A

bilabial
plosive
unvoiced

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28
Q

/b/

A

bilabial
plosive
voiced

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29
Q

/t/

A

alveolar
plosive
unvoiced

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30
Q

/d/

A

alveolar
plosive
voiced

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31
Q

/k/

A

velar
plosive
unvoiced

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32
Q

/g/

A

velar
plosive
voiced

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33
Q

/ʔ/

A

glottal
plosive
unvoiced

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34
Q

/f/

A

labiodental
fricative
unvoiced

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35
Q

/v/

A

labiodental
fricative
voiced

36
Q

/θ/

A

dental
fricative
unvoiced

37
Q

/ð/

A

dental
fricative
voiced

38
Q

/s/

A

alveolar
fricative
unvoiced

39
Q

/z/

A

alveolar
fricative
voiced

40
Q

/ʃ/

A

alveopalatal
fricative
unvoiced

41
Q

/ʒ/

A

alveopalatal
fricative
unvoiced

42
Q

/h/

A

glottal
fricative
unvoiced

43
Q

/ʧ/

A

alveopalatal
affricate
unvoiced

44
Q

/ʤ/

A

alveopalatal
affricate
voiced

45
Q

/m/

A

bilabial
nasals
voiced

46
Q

/n/

A

alveolar
nasals
voiced

47
Q

/ŋ/

A

velar
nasals
voiced

48
Q

/r/

A

alveolar
approximant
voiced

49
Q

/l/

A

alveolar
lateral approximant
voiced

50
Q

/j/

A

bilabial
glide
voiced

51
Q

/w/

A

palatal
glide
voiced

52
Q

Vowels

A
  • Without any obstruction of the air-stream
  • Always voiced
  • Oral sounds (in English)
53
Q

Parameters for the description of vowels

A
  1. Tongue position
    - Height
    - Frontness/backness
  2. Lip rounding
  3. Tenseness
54
Q

Monophthong = ‘Pure’ vowel

A
  • Single vowel sound

- Speech organs do not change position

55
Q

/u:/

boon

A

high
back
tense
rounded

56
Q

/ʊ/

put

A

high
back
lax
rounded

57
Q

/ɔ:/

born

A

mid
back
tense
rounded

58
Q

/ɒ/

pot

A

low
back
lax
rounded

59
Q

/ɑ:/

barn

A

low
back
tense
unrounded

60
Q

/ə/

A

mid
central
lax
unrounded

61
Q

/ɜ:/

A

mid
central
tense
unrounded

62
Q

/ʌ/

A

low
central
lax
unrounded

63
Q

/i:/

A

high
front
tense
unrounded

64
Q

/ɪ/

A

high
front
lax
unrounded

65
Q

/ɛ/

A

mid
front
lax
unrounded

66
Q

/æ/

A

low
front
lax
unrounded

67
Q

Diphthong = Gliding vowel

A
  • Vowel sequence consisting of two sound segments
  • Gliding from one position to another: starts with monophthong, then quality changes toward another monophthong
  • Analysed as one vowel phoneme!
68
Q

/ɔɪ/

boy

A

low
back
closing
CI

69
Q

/ʊə/

cruel

A

high
central
centring
CI

70
Q

/əʊ/

roe

A

mid
central
closing
D

71
Q

/aʊ/

house

A

low
central
closing
D

72
Q

/aɪ/

bite

A

low
central
closing
I=I

73
Q

/ɪə/

ear

A

high
front
centring
I=I

74
Q

/eɪ/

bait

A

mid
front
closing
I=I

75
Q

/ɛə/

air

A

low
front
centring
I=I

76
Q

Segmental phonology

A

= The study of sounds as segments and their systematic combination in syllables and phonological words

77
Q

Suprasegmental phonology

A

= The study of those features extending over more than one sound segment

  • Stress
  • Rhythm
  • Intonation
  • Pitch
78
Q

The Phoneme / /

A

= Smallest unit with meaning-differentiating function

  • Abstract class representing a set of speech sounds that are… 1) …in complementary distribution
    2) …phonetically similar
79
Q

Minimal pair

A

= A pair of words that differ in meaning and in only one sound
→ Each of the contrasting sounds is a distinct phoneme
- Minimal pairs have to consist of the same number of sounds!
- Minimal pairs contrast in only one segment!

80
Q

A Phone [ ]

A

= Actual realisation of phonemic pronunciation / Abstract sound class of a language

81
Q

Allophone [ ]

A

= Different phonetic realisations of one and the same phoneme / Variant concrete realisations of a phoneme

  • One of at least two variant realisations of a phoneme
  • Do not contrast meaning
  • Allophones are in complementary distribution
    1) Two or more allophones that cannot replace one another
    2) Contextual variants = occurrence determined by phonetic environment
82
Q

Regular Phonological Rules of Allophony

A
  • Complementary distribution is rule-governed
    → Realisation of abstract phoneme depends on context
  • Phonological rule = input-output-rule
    → States how underlying representation (UR) is to be realised on the surface (SR) in a specific environment: A → B / C __ D
83
Q

/p,t,k/→[ h]/σ(__V

A

Aspiration

The voiceless plosives /p,t,k/ are realized as aspirated variant in the environment of standing in syllable initial position before a stressed vowel.

[-sonorant, -continuant, -voice]→[ h]/σ(__[-consonantal, +syllabic]

[phɪn], [thɪn], [khɪn]

84
Q

/p,t,k/→[ h]/σ(__/l,r,j,w/

A

Aspiration

The voiceless plosives /p,t,k/ are realized as aspirated variant in the environment of appearing in syllable initial position before the approximants /l,r,w,j/.

[-sonorant, -continuant, -voice]→[ h]/σ(__[+sonorant, -nasal, +voice]

[phl̥ eɪ], [thr̥ aɪ], [thw̥ ɪŋkəl], [khjuːt]

85
Q

/b,d,g,v,z,ʒ,ð,dʒ/→[ ]/__)ω

A

Devoicing

Linguistics I (3 decks)

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