Phonology Review

Question 1

What does a student SLP need to know about phonology? (5 important)

Answer 1

1. Articulatory phonetics
2. Phonological development
3. Speech sound assessment processes
4. Speech sound intervention, general approaches
5. Speech sound intervention, specific approaches

Question 2

The model of sentence production demonstrates how we get to the point of developing a sentence. What does this process look like?

Answer 2

Begin with an intent and idea
Think of the syntactic and semantic features
Come up with a phonologic representation (mental)
Transition that to a phonetic representation (speech sounds)
Transition that to a motor representation (Muscles that are going to be used)

Question 3

What is a phonetic inventory?

Answer 3

List of phones that a person can produce
List of speech sounds that a person can produce

Question 4

What is a phonemic inventory?

Answer 4

What sounds is a person able to produce to contrast word meaning (make a difference in the meaning of a word)
The person needs to be able use the sound correctly and not just be able to produce it

Question 5

What is a phonotactic inventory?

Answer 5

Syllable and word shapes that is present in a person’s repertoire

Question 6

What are phonological patterns?

Answer 6

Changes that a speaker makes to speech sounds or syllable and word shapes that has a pattern

Question 7

What is a word?

Answer 7

Combination of phones that are used to express meaning

Question 8

What is a syllable?

Answer 8

Vowel is the nucleus
Initial consonant is the onset
Final consonant is the coda

Question 9

What is a phone?

Answer 9

Actual production of the sound

Question 10

What is an allophone?

Answer 10

Speech sounds that are produced differently but are still recognized to be the same sound

Question 11

What is a phoneme?

Answer 11

Mental representation of a sound
Used contrastively to represent meaning

Question 12

Vowels are produced with …. (think of the size of the vocal tract)

Answer 12

A relatively open vocal tract

Question 13

Stops are produced with …. (think of the size of the vocal tract)

Answer 13

Complete constriction of the vocal tract

Question 14

Nasals are produced with .. (think of the vocal tract)

Answer 14

Closed vocal tract, the velum is open to allow airflow through the nasal cavity

Question 15

Liquids are produced with …. (think of the vocal tract)

Answer 15

Relatively open vocal tract but more close than vowels

Question 16

Fricatives are produced with .. (think of the vocal tract)

Answer 16

Narrow constriction in the oral cavity
Sound is continuous

Question 17

Glides are produced with … (think of the vocal tract)

Answer 17

Slight constriction
More than vowels but less than liquids

Question 18

What is a distinctive feature?

Answer 18

Articulatory/perceptual characteristic of phones that differentiate one phone from another
Example: including voicing, aspiration, rounding, etc.

Question 19

What are some examples of syllable structure phonological processes?

Answer 19

Final consonant reduction
Cluster reduction
Weak syllable deletion

Question 20

What are some examples of substitution phonological processes?

Answer 20

Fronting
Stopping
Gliding
Depalatalization
Deaffrication

Question 21

What are some examples of assimilation processes?

Answer 21

Progressive assimilation: preceding sounds influences a following one
Regressive assimilation: a following sound influences the preceding sound

Question 22

What are the major motor speech subsystems?

Answer 22

Respiratory
Laryngeal
Velopharyngeal
Tongue
Lips
Nervous System

Question 23

What is the function of the respiratory motor speech subsystem?

Answer 23

Provide air supply for sound production

Question 24

What is the function of the laryngeal motor speech subsystems?

Answer 24

Generates voiced sounds necessary for vowels and some consonants

Question 25

What is the function of the velopharyngeal motor speech subsystem?

Answer 25

Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity, closed with everything but nasals

Question 26

What is the function of the tongue motor speech subsystem? What are the parts of the tongue?

Answer 26

Primary articulator of the oral cavity Parts: tips/apex, blade, back/dorsum, root, body

Question 27

What is the function of the lips portion of the motor speech subsystem?

Answer 27

Articulator of the oral cavity

Question 28

Are vowels produced with a restricted or relatively open vocal tract?

Answer 28

Open

Question 29

What are the major articulators for vowels?

Answer 29

Tongue

Question 30

What are the two dimensions that the tongue moves in during vowel production?

Answer 30

High-low, front-back

Question 31

What are tense vowels?

Answer 31

A vowel that can be prolonged, feel tension in the tongue

Question 32

What are lax vowels?

Answer 32

Shorter in duration, do not feel tension in the tongue

Question 33

What's the difference between vowels that are monophthongs and diphthongs?

Answer 33

Monophthongs are vowels that remain in a steady state while diphthongs are vowels that involve movement of the tongue that is dynamic

Question 34

What does it mean when it is said that some vowels involve lip rounding?

Answer 34

The vowels are produced with lips in a rounded position like /u/ and /o/

Question 35

Are all vowels voiced?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

What are some important features of diphthong articulation?

Answer 36

Produced with an open vocal tract Articulation gradually and markedly changes Dynamic in nature

Question 37

What is a sonorant?

Answer 37

Voicing with little vocal constriction (vowels, nasals, glides, laterals, rhotacized consonants)

Question 38

What does it mean if a consonant is interrupted?

Answer 38

There is complete obstruction of the airway (stop and affricate consonants)

Question 39

What does it mean if a consonant is strident?

Answer 39

They are produced with an intense noise Fricatives and affricates

Question 40

What does it mean if a consonant is coronal?

Answer 40

The tongue height is above the neutral position during production

Question 41

What does it mean if a consonant is distributed?

Answer 41

Constriction occurs throughout the vocal tract /s/ and /z/ the interdental th

Question 42

How can you distinguish vowel formants on a spectrogram?

Answer 42

If the duration is long, that is typically a vowel You can also see formants

Question 43

How can you distinguish between voiced and voiceless stops on a spectrogram?

Answer 43

Voiceless stops have a long VOT while voiced stops barely have any VOT

Question 44

How can you note a fricative on a spectrogram?

Answer 44

More concentrated energy reflected with fricatives that looks like heavy rain

Question 45

What is the four-level mode of speech motor control?

Answer 45

1. Linguistic symbolic planning: phonemes are selected and sequenced 2. Motor planning: phonemes are assigned to properties akin to a core motor plan 3. Motor programming: specify tactics regarding muscle tone, movement direction, velocity, force, range are added to the CMPs 4. Execution: speech movement occurs

Question 46

/p/ is a

Answer 46

voiceless, bilabial stop

Question 47

/b/ is a

Answer 47

Voiced, bilabial stop

Question 48

/t/ is a

Answer 48

Lingual alveolar, voiceless stop

Question 49

/d/ is a

Answer 49

Lingua alveolar, voiced stop

Question 50

/k/ is a

Answer 50

Voiceless, velar stop

Question 51

/g/ is a

Answer 51

Voiced velar stop

Question 52

/ʔ/ is a

Answer 52

Glottal stop

Question 53

/f/ is a

Answer 53

Labiodental, voiceless fricative

Question 54

/v/ is a

Answer 54

Voiced, labiodental fricative

Question 55

/θ/ is a

Answer 55

Lingua-dental, voiceless fricative

Question 56

/ð/ is a

Answer 56

Voiced, linguadental fricative

Question 57

/s/ is a

Answer 57

Lingua-alveolar, voiceless fricative

Question 58

/z/ is a

Answer 58

Lingua-alveolar, voiced fricative

Question 59

/ʃ/ is a

Answer 59

Voiceless, lingua-palatal fricative

Question 60

/ʒ/ is a

Answer 60

Voiced, lingua-palatal fricative

Question 61

/h/ is a

Answer 61

Voiceless glottal fricative

Question 62

/ʧ/ is a

Answer 62

Voiceless, lingua-palatal affricate

Question 63

/ʤ/ is a

Answer 63

Voiced, lingual-palatal affricate

Question 64

/m/ is a

Answer 64

Voiced, bilabial nasal

Question 65

/n/ is a

Answer 65

Voiced lingua-alveolar nasal

Question 66

/ŋ/ is a

Answer 66

Voiced velar nasal

Question 67

/l/ is a

Answer 67

Voiced lateral lingualveolar liquid

Question 68

/r/ is a

Answer 68

Voiced linguapalatal rhotic liquid

Question 69

/w/ is a

Answer 69

Voiced bilabial glide