Photo History Surveys Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
In a quick 10 years from it’s invention, how did the attitude of creating of Daguerreotypes change?
A
People began to use the medium to create portraiture as a means to finances, rather than science or art
2
Q
What is the main difference in the Daguerreotype process and the Calotype process?
A
- Daguerreotypes- exposed onto silver coated copper, producing a single image.
- Calotypes were a negative in which multiple images could be created from.
3
Q
In 500 B.C, what characteristic began to be shown in art that can be represented in the statue Anavyssos Kouros or The Calf-Bearer?
A
The connotation of action, movement, and emotion were beginning. Statues had feet placed with one foot in front, and faces began to show expressions.
4
Q
When and Who created the first recorded experiment in the Journal of the Royal Institution which was able to create a “kind of copy” of an image?
A
Thomas Wedgewood. 1802
5
Q
What was Wedgwood unable to do in 1802, displacing him as the one of the “original inventors” of photography?
A
Fix an image on paper.
6
Q
Describe the art created up to 400 B.C
A
Idealized art - all art was an idea of sorts. There isn’t a usage of depth.
7
Q
What characteristics do statues Anavyssos Kouros and The Calf-Bearer have that shows a change in the view of art?
A
They begin to show action, movement, and emotion. This is done by facial expression, and placing one foot in front of the other in statues.
8
Q
Who wrote the earliest known written record of the camera obscura effect, and when?
A
China, by Mo Di (aka Mozi) circa 470-391
9
Q
When was the term “Camera Obscura” was first used?
A
The germane Astronomer Johannes Kepler in 1604. Dark Room. in the book Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena
10
Q
What was the Camera Obscura first used for?
A
Drawings - to trace images reflected from the world
11
Q
What does the work of Jan van Eyck show us about western art around the time of 1430’s?
A
Optics: Depth and correct perspective. Depth of field in focus.
12
Q
What type of art didn’t depend on realism, as Western art did?
A
Chinese - was more interested in storytelling.
13
Q
From knowledge gained from Alchemists, What property of the Philosophers Stone most likely led to their closest experiments with a photography?
A
The ability to turn metals into Gold
14
Q
Where and when was the Portable Camera Obscura drawing aid proposed?
A
In 1572, Friedrich Risner
15
Q
What tool was utilized in the creation of the portable Camera Obscura that wasn’t used previously?
A
A Mirror to reflect on the top of the box to trace
16
Q
How does a Camera Lucida work?
A
Able to see subject and hand through a specific type of glass that is both opaque and reflective on a stand that the artist can look through
17
Q
What does “Lucida” mean?
A
Light in Italian
18
Q
When and who wrote In Pursuite of the Picturesque?
A
1794 - Rev William Gilpin
19
Q
What are two things written about in the Pursuite of the Picturesque? (Use Example)
A
- What makes something Picturesque or Beautiful
- The artists inability to draw quickly enough to stop action.
- ex: river
20
Q
Who and when was it discovered that salts of silver (nitrates) darken on exposure to light?
A
1727 - Johann Schultz
21
Q
What is another name for the Calotype process?
A
Talbotype
22
Q
What is another name for the Talbotype process?
A
Calotype
23
Q
Name two paintings that inspired Thomas Wedgwood in his interest in phosphorus chemicals?
A
“The Alchemist” and “The Corinthian Maid”, both by Joseph Wright (late 1700’s)
24
Q
Who created the Photogram?
A
Thomas Wedgewood
25
Who created the Heliograph?
Joseph Nicephore Niepce
26
How did the Heliograph work?
Sunlight would shine through glass with etching underneath onto a plate covered in "bitumen of Judea" (asphalt)
27
How did Niepce create the first photograph?
Placing a heliograph on the back of a Camera Obscura device
28
Who was Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre?
Persian Artist/Businessman who was interested in a faster way making pictures.
29
Why was Daguerre interested in making faster pictures?
For "The Diorama" - a theatre where curtains were held behind painting made on translucent curtains and orchestra played. Theatrical experience
30
What is the date of the Invention of Photography?
January 7, 1839
31
Who did not get credit for his work on the invention of photography?
Daguerre did not include Niepce in his findings
32
What did Daguerre do with his process?
He "gives his process" to the people of France and The World, but they must purchase elements from him to create photograph
33
Why did the Daguerreotype process get so much attraction?
Before Daugerreotypes, people would have had to hire a painter to have an image of their likeness.
34
How much did a Daugerreotype cost at it's beginning?
1.5-2 months worth of work
35
When was Henry Fox Talbot experimenting with light sensitive salts?
1820s-1830's
36
What did the lens add to the Daguerreotype?
Images taken in shorter periods of time.
37
What did Henry Fox Talbot originally experiment making?
Photograms
38
How does a Tablotype work?
Creating a "negative" by placing light sensitive paper in the back of a Camera, then placing the negative with another piece of light sensitive paper and creating a contact print.
39
Name the strengths of Calotypes vs. Daugerreotypes
Daugerreotypes were sharper, but only had one image.
Calotypes could be reproduced a number of times, but were fuzzy.
40
What became the "solution" to the Calotype/Daugerreotype issue? How was this done?
Wet-Plate Collodion
| Negatives were created on glass- making them sharper and re-printable.
41
Who and when was Wet Plate Collodion invented?
1851 - Fredrick Scott Arthur
42
What was the downfall of Wet-Plate Collodion?
Had to be prepared directly before exposure, and developed directly after exposure, while the plate was wet.
43
When and who invented Albumen prints?
1850 - Loise-Desire Blanquart-Evrard
44
What was the downfall of Albumen prints?
Negatives needed to be the same size as prints - took a long time to expose.
45
When were Albumen prints prevalent?
1850's-late 1880's
46
What did making negatives on site allow photographers to do for the first time?
Travel with their photography. Explore different places.
47
Who was Felix Beato?
Japanese photographer known for hand-coloring prints in the 1860's
48
Who was William Henry Jackson? What process did he use? When?
Geological Survey Photographer - Wet Plate Collodion - 1850's-1880's
49
What was Roger Fenton known for?
Photographing the Crimean War (1854)
50
What was a typical characteristic of some of the first war photographs?
Due to the process, images could only be taken either before or after a battle.
51
What was Matthew Brady most known for?
Photographing the American Civil War, the first major conflict to be documented. Hired people to help photograph and developed back in New York
52
What was Alexander Gardener most known for?
Posed bodies for dramatic narratives of war. It was much later discovered that he used the same body in both photographs "A Sharpshooters Last Sleep" and "Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter" (1863)
53
What is Julia Margaret Cameron most known for?
Photographing head and shoulders, looking at the emotional impact of a photograph with pose and expression.
54
Who did Julia Margaret Cameron photograph?
High-class society scientists & thinkers - Charles Darwin, Lord Tennyson, Sir John Herschel
55
Who is Sir John Herschel?
Fox Talbots friend - helped figure out chemicals of photography. Scientist. Hyposolphide (fixer) created by Herschel to fix images. Came up with terms “negative” and “positive”. Came up with the word Photoraphy
56
What is Stereoscopic photography?
Takes two photographs at the same distance as eyes
- Stereoscope was as common as Television
- Could purchase stereoscopic images everywhere
57
Name the two Wet-Plate Derivitives
Ambrotypes and Tintypes
Ambrotypes were on glass and had a black cloth behind them. Tintypes were on black painted metal.
When images are underexposed with dark placed behind them, they look like positives.
58
What were the benefits of Ambrotypes and Tintypes?
They were cheaper because they required less steps. Didn't take as long to make exposures because they were under-exposed.
59
What was a Carte de Visite?
Visiting Cards held an individuals name, occupation, and address. Would place images into book - would show social world/social life.
Carte de Visites could also be purchased of famous people to put in your book.
A multi-lens camera was used, could block lenses to create different poses across the card
60
What were Cabinet cards?
Similar to Carte de Visites, but closer to business cards.
| Could buy cabinet cards.
61
How is Amateurism seen differently today than it was during the development of Photography?
Amateur used to be prized - because they did something simply because they loved it. Today it is seen as “less-than”
62
What is Muybridge known for?
Stopping Motion
Created a camera that had a shuttter that shot at 1/2000th of a second
Lined up series of cameras across a racetrack
Proved that horse could have 4 legs off the ground at once
63
What did George Eastman found?
How to make film - flexible photographic emulsion
| Kodak (can’t be mispronounced)
64
Describe Oscar Rejlander
Writer & Photographer, he created the photograph "Two Ways of Life" which is a 30 image composite
65
Who was the first person to come up with a composite image?
Gustave La Grey
66
What was Henry Peach Robinson known for?
Serialization of photographs. Telling stories with campsites and publishing them over time.
67
Whose ideas did Pictorialism grow from?
Peter Henry Emerson
68
What books did Peter Henry Emerson write, and what were they about?
"Naturalistic Photography for the Students of the Arts" in 1889 was stating that photography subject matter should be real, accurate to life.
Later he published "The Death of Naturalistic Photography" which apologizes for not seeing photography as an art form.
69
What did Gum Bichromate Prints allow photographers to do?
They could manipulate an image before it was completely fixed, allowing a painterly look to images.
70
Name three photographers that used the Gum Bichromate printing process?
Robert Demachy, F.J. Mortimer, and Frank Eugene
71
Who invented Platinum Printing?
William Willis by 1873
72
What was the benefit of Platinum Printing?
Long, smooth, total scale. Known as "The King of all Photographic Processes". Was popular until 1905
73
Who made Platinum Prints of Cathedrals?
Fredrick Evans
74
What event caused the fall of Platinum Prints?
The Russian Revolutions "Bloody Sunday". Hundreds were shot in protest, and Russia was the worlds supply of Platinum.
75
When was Panchromatic Film created, and what were it's benefits?
at the turn of the century around 1900. It was sensitive to colors, making color filters effective with black & white prints.
76
What is Alfred Stieglitz most known for?
He believed that all photography was art. His personal photography was similar to Emerson. Founded the Photo Secession. Active during the turn of the century.
77
What were the Photo Secessionists?
At the turn of the 20th century (1900's), they rejected the way photography was being used and believed it to be an art form.
78
Name 3 Photo Secessionists
Edward Steichen, Gertrude Kassiber, Alfred Stieglitz
79
Describe Gertrude Kasebiers work.
Made 'art portraits' that she sold for higher values than her competitors standard portrait.
80
Who was the inventor of the Halftone?
In the 1880's, Fredric Ives invents the halftone.
81
What did the Halftone allow?
Images could be reproduced in print for the first time.
82
Who wrote How The Other Half Lives, and what was it about?
Jacob Riis, looks at places of immigrants & working children. Wanted to solve social issues.
83
Who was Lewis Hine?
His photography focused on Child Labor and Immigrants from Ellis Island. He was concerned of people losing their identity.
84
What did Eugene Atget photograph?
He photographed Paris as he saw it changing and modernizing. He wanted to preserve it as it was before it changed.
85
Paul Strand
American photographer who believed the camera had it's own aesthetic and shouldn't try to be like any other medium. Had "Brutally direct" portraits
86
Edward Weston
Pioneer who saw the trend with photographers to have fully in-focus images. Created Group F64
87
Who created previsualization?
Edward Weston
88
What is previsualization?
Knowing the tone of the print before making it.
89
Who created the Zone System?
Ansel Adams
90
Imogen Cunningham?
Member of F64, worked for 75 years from the turn of the century. Art changed through entire career through each movement.
91
What was the name of the Industrial Design School in Germany that started "Form Follows Function"?
The Bauhaus
92
Who was Lazo Maholy-Nagy?
A part of Industrial Design School that coined the term "Montage" for his work.
93
What movements were born from the Bauhaus concepts?
Dada & Surrealism
94
Dadaism
1916-1923, Radical Rejection of Traditional art
95
Surrealism
1924-1939, Born of Freud's concepts of the subconscious mind
96
Ermanox
1920's - first f/1.8 lens that allowed photographs in dim lighting
97
Andre Kertesz
1920's - Used Ermanox camera to capture fleeting moments of the way life is
98
Minigraph
Made pictures for motion pictures to bracket & create a test strip
99
Oscar Barnack
Created the Leica & first 35mm camera to move away from traditional heavy plate cameras.
100
Cartier-Bresson
The Decisive Moment
101
Autochrome
Lumiere Brothers - First feasible color process. Patented in 1903 and prominent until 1935.
On glass, fragile & finicky
102
Leopold Godowsky & Leopold Mannes
(1935) - Brought color ideas to George Eastman and developed the first subtractive color theory, which is the basis for all photo processes now.
103
Horst P. Horst
Color fashion photos - Changed the idea of Fashion Photography and developed the idea that commercial photography was about selling emotions.
104
F.S.A
Farm Security Administration. Hired Dorothea Langue, Arthur Rothstein, and Walker Evans to document & attempt to solve American issues such as Great Depression & Drought
105
Edwin Land
Invented Poloroid, first Instant Imaging in 1948
106
Minor White
Philosophical idea that photography WAS a religion. Adopted ideas from Buddhism, Zen philosophy. Believed art wasn't complete until you showed it to someone.
107
Roy Decarava
First to photograph culture of Harlem from the inside, 1950's
108
Jerry Uelsmann
1960's, utilizing 6-7 different images & enlargers to creat Synthetic photography. Repeated methods from 1850's & 1860's
109
Olivia Parker
1970s's-1990's, Returned to the idea of Still Life. Manipulated materials to enhance color, such as warming up polaroids, using filters, and lengthening or shortening exposure times.
110
Annie Lebovitz
Rolling Stone covers, Chronicled culture
111
David Hockney
Artist that uses photography. Composited portraits made of polaroids.
112
Cindy Sherman
Self-Portraits - Posed in elaborate costumes and makeup.
113
Robert Mappelthorpe
Winner of National Endowment for Arts Grant from Government, which got backlash for putting "Homoerotic imagery" on a pedestal - literally
114
Richard Misrach
Images dealing with Social issues as well as Man's Presence in Nature
115
Sally Mann
1980's - Political World. National Endowment for Arts Grant. Created project "At 12" which chronicles the world in-between childhood and womanhood
116
Steve Sasson
1975 - First Digital Camera. Figures out how to turn light signals into electrical signals
117
Bruce Bayer
Bayer Filter - DSLR. Filters light entering sensors so that it only sees red, green, or blue
118
Martina Lopez
Photoshop work - photographs of Mexican ancestry in post-apocalyptic landscape. Fictional idea of family.
119
Gregory Crewdson
(90's) Uses a crew to create a Supernatural-Unnatural world. Builds sets & creates images that work on for several months prepping.
120
Joel Peter Witkin
Bridges gap between 20th & 19th century. No manipulation, drawing history from art.
121
Mary Ellen Mark
Photojournalist that documented Mother Teresa's Mission
