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5: Respiration and Photosynthesis > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Give the equation for photosynthesis.

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

What is the first stage of photosynthesis called?

A

The light dependent reaction.

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3
Q

Where does the 1st stage of photosynthesis take place?

A

The thylakoid membrane

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4
Q

Light dependent reaction leads to the production of which molecule and the occurrence of what process?

A

ATP
Photolysis of water

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5
Q

Light energy is absorbed by what pigment in the chloroplast?

A

Chlorophyll

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6
Q

Absorption of light into the chloroplast does what to electrons?

A

Excites the electrons into a higher energy level

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7
Q

Name the process where electrons in the LDR are released as a result of excitation.

A

Photoionisation

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8
Q

After electrons have been released in the LDR, where do they travel to?

A

An electron acceptor at the start of the ETC.

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9
Q

Attachment of electrons to an electron carrier does what to the electron carrier in the LDR?

A

The electron carrier becomes reduced.

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10
Q

A series of what type of reactions pass electrons down the ETC during the LDR?

A

Redox

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11
Q

Why do electrons lose energy as they are passed down the ETC in the LDR?

A

Each electron carrier is at a slightly lower energy level, so electrons lose energy

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12
Q

Where does energy come from to be used for ATP production in the LDR?
What is the name for this type of ATP production?

A

Energy lost as electrons are passed down the chain is used to provide energy for ATP production.
This is called photophosphorylation

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13
Q

What does chemiosmotic theory explain?

A

Mechanism of ATP production

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14
Q

In chemiosmosis, how do H+ get into the thylakoid from the stroma?
Name the pumps used

A

Active transport, using proton pumps.

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15
Q

Why does the concentration of H+ ions increase in the thylakoid during chemiosmosis?
Where in the chloroplast will have high/low concentration of H+?

A

Photolysis of water produces H+. This means that there is a high concentration of H+ in the thylakoid and a low concentration in the stroma.

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15
Q

Energy for active transport of H+ in chemiosmosis comes from where?

A

Photolysis of water, when electrons are released.

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16
Q

In chemiosmosis, how do protons cross the thylakoid membrane?

A

Through ATP synthase channels

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17
Q

How does movement of H+ through ATP synthase channels lead to the catalysing of ADP + Pi?

A

Movement of H+ leads to the protein changing shape, therefore catalysing the reaction.

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18
Q

For chlorophyll to be able to continue absorbing light, what must happen?

A

Electrons must be replaced

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19
Q

Where do replacement electrons for the chlorophyll come from after some electrons have left the chlorophyll to travel down the ETC?

A

Replacement electrons come from when water is photolysed (split using light).

20
Q

Give an equation for the photolysis of water.

A

2H2O -> 4H+ +4e- + O2

21
Q

Protons generated in photolysis pass out of which component of the chloroplast through what type of channels?

A

Protons leave the thylakoid through ATP synthase channels.

22
Q

Protons that have left the thylakoid during photolysis are picked up by which coenzyme?

A

NADP, which becomes reduced NADP

23
Q

Reduced NADP acts as a source of what type of energy for the plant?

A

Chemical energy

24
Q

Reduced NADP enters the light independent reaction after photolysis, carrying what?

A

Electrons that have come from the original chlorophyll molecule.

25
Q

What is another name for the light independent reaction?

A

The Calvin Cycle

26
Q

The light independent stage occurs in which part of the chloroplast?

A

The stroma.

27
Q

The light independent stage uses which 2 molecules from the light dependent stage?

A

Reduced NADP and ATP

28
Q

What is the first stage of the light independent reaction called?

A

Carbon fixation

29
Q

Describe the structure of ribulose biphosphate.

A

5C with 2 phosphate groups attached

30
Q

How many CO2 molecules are inputted into the Calvin cycle?

A

3

31
Q

Rubisco catalyses the reaction between which molecules?

A

Ribulose biphosphate and CO2

32
Q

What is rubisco short for?

A

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

32
Q

How many carbons are in the molecule produced after the reaction between ribulose biphosphate + CO2

A

6

33
Q

Why does the product formed from ribulose biphosphate + CO2 immediately split into 2?
What is the product called?

A

The 6C biphosphate molecule is unstable.
Therefore, it splits into 2 glycerate-3-phosphate molecules.

34
Q

What is the second stage of the light independent reaction called?

A

Reduction

35
Q

In the LIR, glycerate-3-phosphate reduces into what molecule?
Which molecules assist this?

A

Triose phosphate.
This is done with the help of reduced NADP, which becomes oxidised, and ATP which releases it’s phosphate.

36
Q

How many ATP involved in the reduction stage?
How many NADPH?

A

6ATP
6NADPH

37
Q

What is the 3rd stage of the LIR called?

A

Regeneration

38
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to produce 1 glucose molecule?

A

6

39
Q

What happens to the triose phosphate in the regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

It’s recycled

40
Q

How much ATP is used in the regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

3

41
Q

How is ribulose biphosphate regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP turns remaining triose phosphate molecules into ribulose biphosphate.

42
Q

Thylakoid membranes provide a large SA for the attachment of what 3 things?

A

Chlorophyll molecules
Electron carriers
Enzymes

42
Q

Name 2 adaptations do the grana membranes have for photosynthesis.

A

Many ATP synthase channels
Selectively permeable

43
Q

Why do chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes?

A

To quickly synthesise proteins required for photosynthesis

44
Q

What does the stroma contain that is needed for the light independent reaction?

A

Enzymes

45
Q

What are the benefits of the stromal fluid surrounding the grana for the light independent reaction?

A

Short diffusion pathway for diffusion of products into the stroma.

5: Respiration and Photosynthesis (10 decks)

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