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pure, resident, existing evil (HL bio) > photosynthesis and cellular respiration quiz > Flashcards

photosynthesis and cellular respiration quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

light dependent reaction habitat

A

thylakoids of the chloroplast

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2
Q

light independent reaction habitat

A

stroma

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3
Q

what is the light dependent reaction

A
  • sunlight energy is converted to the energy carrier molecules ATP and NADPH
  • oxygen as byproduct
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4
Q

what is the light independent reaction

A
  • enzymes in the stroma synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 using chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH
  • calvin cycle!
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5
Q

lumen of thylakoids

A

small space, only needs small changes to form gradients for chemiosmosis

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6
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

increases surface area for light absorption, where electron transport chain occurs nex

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7
Q

first part of light dependent reaction

A

photoactivation

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8
Q

photoactivation what, when, where

A
  • energy from light is used to excite electrons in a chlorophyll pigment
  • so electrons can leave the pigment molecule and move through electron transport chain
  • in photosystems
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9
Q

photosystems

A
  • photosystem II comes before I in light . dependent reactions
  • photosystem I absorbs slightly higher wavelengths (700 vs 680)
  • pigments to collect light energy, special pair of chlorophyll molecules at core
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10
Q

how photoactivation works

A
  • light absorbed by pigments in photosystem
  • energy passed inwards from pigment to pigment until it reaches reaction center
  • here, electron in the chlorophyll molecule is energized and moves to a higher energy level
  • high energy electron passed to acceptor molecule in ECT
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11
Q

next thing in light dependent reactions

A

photolysis

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12
Q

what is photolysis

A

the breaking apart of a water molecule using light energy

water»> 2 hydrogrens for proton gradient, 2 electrons, oxygen waste

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13
Q

why photolysis

A
  • the electrons replace the electrons in the reaction center that chlorophyll lost in photosystem II
  • the protons produced are part of proton gradient in thylakoid lumen used in chemiosmosis
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14
Q

where photolysis

A

photosystem II in the thylakoid

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15
Q

third thing for light dependent reactions

A

electron transport chain

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16
Q

what is the electron transport chain (photosynthesis )

A
  • series of (thylakoid) membrane-bound molecules that transfer electrons via redox (simultaneous oxidation and reduction). fuels the pumping of H+ ions across a membrane
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17
Q

why electron transport chain (photosyntheiss)

A

to create a proton gradient in the thylakoid lumen for chemiosmosis

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18
Q

where electorn transport chain photosyntehesis

A

thylakoid lumen, separate ones for different photosystems

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19
Q

how does the electron transport chain work in photosynthesis

A
  • high-energy electron from photoactivation travels between electron transport molecules in the thylakoid membrane
  • movement of electrons drives pumping of H+ ions into thylakoid lumen for H++ gradient
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20
Q

what is the fourth part of the light dependent reactions

A

chemiosmosis

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21
Q

what is chemiosmosis (photosynthesis)

A

the movement of H+ ions down their concentration gradient coupled with ATP synthesis

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22
Q

why chemiosmosis (photosynthesis)

A

ATP for light independent reactions

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23
Q

where does chemiosmosis happen in photosynthesis

A

at ATP synthase embedded in thylakoid membrane

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24
Q

how does chemiosmosis function

A

H+ ions flow down gradient, from thylakoid lumen in stroma through ATP synthase, which creates ATP by combining ADP with an inorganic phosphate group Pi

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25
5th thing in light dependent reactions
reduction of NADP to NADPH+ H+
26
what is the reduction of NADP to NADPH+ H+ in photosynthesis
the formation of an electron carrier molecule (NADPH) using electrons from photosystem I
27
why the reduction of NADP to NADPH+ H+ in photosynthesis
to make NADPH which is needed in light independent reactions
28
how does the reduction of NADP to NADPH+ H+ in photosynthesis work
- electrons exited out of photosystem I reaction center are transported between electron carrier molecules and eventually given to the electron carrier molecule NADP - NADPH reduced (gains electrons) to become NADPH to be used in light independent reactions
29
first part of light independent reactions
carbon fixation by carboxylation of RuBP
30
what is carbon fixation in photosynthesis
the process of adding carbon from an inorganic compound to form an organic compound
31
where does carbon fixation in photsynthesis occur
in the stroma of the chloroplast
32
how does carbon fixation of RuBP happen in photosynthesis
- CO2 enters plants from air via stomata diffuses into chloroplast stroma - CO2 attaches to RuBP, a 5 carbon molecule... carboxylated to a 6 carbon molecule - Immediately split into 3 carbon molecule PGA
33
what catalases the carboxylation of RuBP
Rubisco
34
RuBP
ribulose bisphosphate
35
PGA
phosphoglycerate
36
second step in teh light independent reactions
reduction of PGA to produce triosphosphate using ATP and NaDPH as energy sources
37
what happens in the reduction of PGA in photosynthesis
the ATP and NADPH are used to reduce phosphoglycerate
38
why teh reduction of PGA
the electrons and hydrogens from the NADPH will become part of the carbohydrate in the results of the light independent reactions
39
where does the reduction of PGA occur
the public of washroom , in the stroma of the chloroplast
40
how does the reduction of PGA happen
- IN 2 steps, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the PGA molecules into 3c sugar G3P - NADPH donates electrons to or reduced the PGA to make G3P... can be used to make other carbs, is the carbohydrate product of the light-independent reactions
41
G3P can be..
- recycled!!! | - used to make glucose
42
last part of light independent reactions
regeneration of RUBP using ATP
43
what regeneration of RUBP using ATP
using ATP, some G3P molecules are recycled to regenerate the RuBP molecule
44
why regeneration of RUBP using ATP
RuBP must be regenerated so carbon fixation can occur again
45
where does regeneration of RUBP using ATP happen
stroma of chloroplast
46
how regeneration of RUBP using ATP goes down
- remaining G3P molecules remain in the cycle and used to regenerate ATP - ATP used in regeneration reactions
47
glycolysis
hexose sugar (6C) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)
48
4 main parts of glycolysis
- phosphorylation - lysis - oxidation - ATP formation
49
phosphorylation
- hexose sugar (typically glucose) is phosphorylated by two molecules of ATP (to form a hexose bisphosphate) - makes the molecule less stable and more reactive, and also prevents diffusion out of the cell
50
lysis
The hexose biphosphate (6C sugar) is split into two triose phosphates (3C sugars)
51
oxidation
- hydrogen atoms are removed from each of the 3C sugars (via oxidation) to reduce NAD+ to NADH (+ H+) - two molecules of NADH are produced in total (one from each 3C sugar)
52
ATP formation
Some of the energy released from the sugar intermediates is used to directly synthesise ATP. This direct synthesis of ATP is called substrate level phosphorylation
53
first stage of aerobic respiration
the link reaction
54
how does the link reaction work
- Pyruvate is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix by carrier proteins on the mitochondrial membrane - The pyruvate loses a carbon atom (decarboxylation), which forms a carbon dioxide molecule - The 2C compound then forms an acetyl group when it loses hydrogen atoms via oxidation (NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+) - The acetyl compound then combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
55
krebs cycle
- CoA transfers its acetyl group (2c) to a 4c coumpound to make a 6c compound citrate, and coenzyme A release - over series, the 6c compound is broken down to reform the original 4c compound
56
some things that occur in the krebs cycle
-Two carbon atoms are released via decarboxylation to form two molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) - Multiple oxidation reactions result in the reduction of hydrogen carriers "(3 × NADH + H+ )" "1 × FADH2)" - One molecule of ATP is produced directly via substrate level phosphorylation
57
electron transport chain respiration
- final step in cellular respiration - in cristae fold of mitochondria for optimal surface area - oxidative phosphorylation
58
oxidative phosphorylation
releases the energy stored within the reduced hydrogen carriers in order to synthesise ATP
59
steps of oxidative phosphorylation
- 1 Proton pumps create an electrochemical gradient (proton motive force) - 2 ATP synthase uses the subsequent diffusion of protons (chemiosmosis) to synthesise ATP - 3 Oxygen accepts electrons and protons to form water
60
how to create a proton motive force in the electron transport chain
- hydrogen carriers NADH and FADH2 oxidised, and release high energy electrons and protons, - hese are shuttled through the electron transport chain - electrons losing energy throughout the chain pumps protons from the matrix to intermembrane space
61
ATP synthesis in the oxidative phosphorylation
- proton motive force causes H+ to move down gradient back to matrix - in chemiosmosis, facilitated by ATP synthase - as ions move through ATP synthase they synthesize ATp
62
reduction of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation
- must remove de energised electrons -oxygen as final electron acceptor, removing de energized electrons -binds with free protons (no oxygen, hydrogen carriers cannot transfer energised electrons to the chain, ATP production, halted)

pure, resident, existing evil (HL bio) (2 decks)

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