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Physiology 300L > PHS 305 Neurophysiology > Flashcards

PHS 305 Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are exciteable tissues?

A

tissues that respond to external stimulus

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2
Q

Examples of excitebable tissues

A

nervous and muscle

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3
Q

What makes tissues exciteable?

A

Tissue is considered excitable if it is capable of generating an action potential in response to a stimulus. This is due to the presence of voltage-gated ion channels in the cell membrane. These channels are responsible for generating and propagating action potentials. When a cell is at rest, the voltage-gated ion channels are in a closed state. However, when a stimulus is applied, the channels open and allow ions to flow in or out of the cell. This change in ionic concentration causes the cell’s membrane potential to change, leading to the generation of an action potential.

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4
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

The difference in voltage or electric potential difference within the cell membrane betweent the interior and exterior of the cell at rest, it is always a negative value or voltage

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5
Q

What is the ionic basis for resting membrane potential?

A

The membrane is selectively more permeable (3-5x) to K+ because of the leak K+ channels in the cell membrane

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6
Q

The negativity inside the cell is sustained by what?

A

The Na+/K+ pump

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7
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for skeletal muscle?

A

-95mv

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8
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for astrocytes?

A

-80 to -90mv

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9
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for neurons?

A

-70mv

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10
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for cardiac muscle?

A

-70 to -80mv

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11
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for smooth muscle?

A

-50 to 55mv

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12
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for epithelial cells (rbc) ?

A

-10 to -15mv

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13
Q

The higher the resting membrane potential the ______________

A

more exciteable the tissue

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14
Q

Any tissue with resting membrane potential not up to ___________ will not be exciteable e.g. __________

A

-40 to -50mv
rbc

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15
Q

What is threshold potential?

A

The minimum potential that a stimulus must produce to achieve an action potential

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16
Q

What is the all-or-none rule?

A

The all or none principle means that transmission of an impulse between neurons is not dependent on the strength of the stimuli but, rather, only that the initial threshold is met. In other words, neurons will either transmit an impulse over the synapse to the next neuron completely or not at all.

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17
Q

What is action potential?

A

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

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18
Q

What is depolarization?

A

The threshold potential opens voltage-gated sodium channels and causes a large influx of sodium ions. This phase is called the depolarization. During depolarization, the inside of the cell becomes more and more electropositive

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19
Q

What is repolarization?

A

After the overshoot, the sodium permeability suddenly decreases due to the closing of its channels. The overshoot value of the cell potential opens voltage-gated potassium channels, which causes a large potassium efflux, decreasing the cell’s electropositivity.

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20
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

a state in which the membrane potential is more negative than the default membrane potential. But soon after that, the membrane establishes again the values of membrane potential (eg. -120mv)

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21
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The refractory period is the time after an action potential is generated, during which the excitable cell cannot produce another action potential.

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22
Q

Difference between an action potential and impulse

A

Action potential occurs at a point in a nerve fiber (nerve ending), then it is transmitted along the nerve fiber or from one nerve ending to another nerve across a synapse.
An impulse is a transmitted action potential

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23
Q

All body parts care represented in the cerebrum as

A

Homonculus

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24
Q

Function of autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary activities of the body

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25
Q

The ANS connects_______ to__________

A

The CNS to viscera

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26
Q

The somatic service system connects_______ to__________

A

CNS to skeletal system

27
Q

What are neurons?

A

The structural and functional unit of the brain

28
Q

Action of the motor system

A

Carries information from CNS to body parts

29
Q

Action of the sensory system

A

Carries information from body parts to CNS

30
Q

What are the main cellular structures of the nervous system?

A

Neuron
Neuralgia

31
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

• create supportive framework for neurons
• create “blood-brain barrier”
• monitor & regulate interstitial fluid surrounding neurons
• secrete chemicals for embryological neuron formation
• stimulate the formation of scar tissue secondary to CNS injury
.

32
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS.
One axon can be myelinated by several oligodendrocytes, and one oligodendrocyte can provide myelin for multiple neurons

33
Q

What are ependymal call?

A

Ependymal cells line fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
They are involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid
Ranging in shape from squamous to columnar
line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord
form the epithelium that separates the CNS from the CSF in the ventricles
lies between the brain extracellular space and the CSF

34
Q

What are microglia?

A

brain macrophages
• phagocytize cellular wastes & pathogens
Phagocytes that monitor neuron health

35
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

surround all axons of neurons in the PNS creating a neurilemma around them. Neurilemma allows for potential regeneration of damaged axons
• creates myelin sheath around most axons of PNS

36
Q

What are satellite glial cells?

A

Satellite glia provide nutrients and structural support for neurons in the PNS

support groups of cell bodies of neurons within ganglia of the PNS

37
Q

Describe multipolar neuron

A

Multipolar neuron
• multiple dendrites & single axon • most common type

38
Q

Describe bipolar neuron and where they can be found

A

two processes coming off cell body – one dendrite & one axon
• only found in eye, ear & nose

39
Q

Describe unipolar neuron

A

Unipolar neuron
• single process coming off cell body, giving rise to dendrites (at one end) & axon (making up rest of process

40
Q

Most embryological neurons are_______

A

Unipolar

41
Q

Most neurons in the body are

A

Multipolar

42
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Analyzes information coming from various parts of the body and in turn directs an appropriate action that is supposed to take place

43
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

Connects various parts of the body to the CNS

43
Q

What is the sensory pathway?

A

The pathway that transmits info from various parts of the body to the CNS
Information moving along this pathway is sensory impulses

44
Q

What is the motor pathway?

A

The system returns information to various parts of the body from the CNS after analysis, interpretation and integration

45
Q

Types of motor pathways

A

Somatic
Autonomic

46
Q

Describe the Somatic nervous system

A

Involved in connection between the CNS and voluntary muscle groups (skeletal muscle system)

47
Q

Describe the autonomic nervous system

A

Involved in the connection between the CNS and involuntary system e.g. respiration, heart rate, GI motility, pupil dilation and constriction

48
Q

The ANS can be divided into the

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

49
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

The part of your nervous system that carries signals related to your “fight-or-flight” response

50
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

The parasympathetic nervous system predominates in quiet “rest and digest” conditions. The main purpose of the PNS is to conserve energy to be used later and to regulate bodily functions like digestion and urination

51
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Carry impulses from reeptors to CNS

52
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Carry impulses from CNS effector organs

53
Q

What are interneurons and their function?

A

Connects sensory and motor neurons. They allow more complex reflexes and higher associative learning

54
Q

Are interneurons part of the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS whereas sensory and motor neurons are part of the PNS

55
Q

The difference between dendrites and axon

A

Information moves along the entire length of the axon and in one direction AWAY from the cell body and CNS

Projections that DELIVER information to the cell body and CNS

56
Q

The human brain contents approx how many neurons?

A

10^11 neurons

57
Q

What is a nuclei?

A

An aggregation of cell bodies within the CNS

58
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

An aggregation of cell bodies outside the CNS

59
Q

What are the supporting cells for neurons

A

Neuroglia

60
Q

Functions of neuroglia

A

Insulation
Support the architecture of the neuron
Secrete chemicals for growth and nourishment

61
Q

What is Saltatory conduction?

A

Saltatory conduction describes the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon, speeding the arrival of the impulse at the nerve terminal

62
Q

Synapse

A

The point of communication between 2 neurons or a neuron and a muscle fiber

Physiology 300L (7 decks)

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