phsiology

Question 1

meaning of physiology

Answer 1

body’s responses to exercise when exercising you increase your body’s energy

Question 2

aerobic

Answer 2

involves the use of oxygen in energy production such as long-distance running at moderate pace

Question 3

anaerobic

Answer 3

without oxygen (relies on energy sources stored in the muscles) includes heavy lifting, sprints rapid exercise

Question 4

Muscular system responses

Answer 4

High intensity cardiovascular exercise can improve strength of cardiac muslce

Question 5

cardiac output

Answer 5

the amount the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a min

Question 6

vasoconstriction

Answer 6

reduction in the diameter of blood vessels

Question 7

vasodilation

Answer 7

expansion in the diameter of blood vessels

Question 8

blood flow to working muscles ( what is the terms where the body sends blood)

Answer 8

body sends blood where is needed by vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 9

blood flow to working muscles ( what per cent of blood goes to your muscles at rest)

Answer 9

At rest 20 per cent of blood goes to muscles

Question 10

what energy is required during exercise

Answer 10

all muscles require energy from fuels such as carbohydrates and fats

Question 11

respiratory system responses

Answer 11

The more intense the exercise the greater carbon dioxide concentration in the blood to combat this your breathing increases to help expel the carbon dioxide

Question 12

Anticipatory rise (key term)

Answer 12

a minor increase in breathing rate prior to exercise

Question 13

Decreased blood oxygen

Answer 13

the amount of oxygen in the blood

Question 14

Tidal volume

Answer 14

is the amount of air ventilated in or out of the lungs in one breath ( low to moderate intensity)

Question 15

Alveolar ventilation ( key term

Answer 15

tidal volume minus dead space( air that remains in trachea, bronchi etc)

Question 16

what dose tidal volume do

Answer 16

it increases dramatically during exercise due to the body’s demand for more oxygen or the need to offload increased levels of carbon dioxide

Question 17

partial pressure (key term

Answer 17

pressure applied by a single gas in a mixture of gasses

Question 18

Haemoglobin ( key term

Answer 18

oxygen transporting component of red blood cells

Question 19

Lactate ( key term

Answer 19

product of lactic acid which occurs in blood

Question 20

Blood pH ( key term

Answer 20

measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Question 21

cardiac cycle ( key term

Answer 21

the sequence of events( systole- during which cardiac muscle contracts and diastole during which cardiac muscle relaxes) that take place during a single heartbeat

Question 22

Neurotransmitters (key term

Answer 22

chemicals used to carry signals or information between neurons and cells

Question 23

stroke volume (key term

Answer 23

volume of blood pumped out of the hearts left ventricle per beat

Question 24

Cardiac cycle

Answer 24

when the body detects an increase in exercise intensity the cardiac cycle must respond

Question 25

cardiac ouput

Answer 25

is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute

Question 26

stroke volume

Answer 26

is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction

Question 27

stroke volume during exercise

Answer 27

during exercise stroke volume increases progressively and gradually levels off at a high level until exercise has ended

Question 28

Heart rate

Answer 28

heart rate changes to the body's needs at rest a normal adults heart beats approximately 75 times per minute

Question 29

what is heart rate controlled by

Answer 29

SAN( sinoatrial node

Question 30

How SAN works

Answer 30

the heart rate goes up or down when SAN receives information via nerves that link the SAN with the cardiovascular centre in the brain

Question 31

the sympathetic nerve

Answer 31

speeds of the heart

Question 32

parasympathetic nerve

Answer 32

slows down the heart

Question 33

Starlings law

Answer 33

is a theory which states that stroke volume increases in response to an increase in blood volume filing the heart stroke volume my also increase due to stronger contractions in the cardiac muscles during exercise

Question 34

systolic pressure (key term

Answer 34

pressure exerted in the arteries when the heart contracts

Question 35

arterial blood (key term

Answer 35

bright red in colour due to high concentrations

Question 36

venous blood (key term

Answer 36

darker red than arterial blood due to high concentrations of carbon dioxide

Question 37

diffusion rate

Answer 37

during exercise diffusion rates increase to allow more movement from the capillaries to the working muscles while carbon dioxide is exchanged into the blood

Question 38

Arteriovenous oxygen difference ( a -VO2 diff)

Answer 38

is the difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood

Question 39

Arteriovenous oxygen difference ( a -VO2 diff) when exercising

Answer 39

exercise leads to an increase in this difference because, as exercise intensifies the working tissue demands more oxygen from the arterial blood so the oxygen content of venous blood decreases

Question 40

neuromuscular system responses

Answer 40

neuromuscular refers to both the nervous system and muscular system

Question 41

what is the two nerves ( neuromuscular system

Answer 41

sensory neurons and motor neurons

Question 42

what is sensory neurons

Answer 42

carry information from our extremises(the skin) to the central nervous system(the brain and spinal cord)

Question 43

what is motor neurons

Answer 43

carry information from our central nervous system to our muscles

Question 44

Nervous control of muscaulr contarction

Answer 44

muscles contract when stimulated by nerves there is three basic types of contraction can occur during exercise

Question 45

3 types of contraction

Answer 45

isotonic contraction, isometric contraction and isokinetic

Question 46

isotonic contraction

Answer 46

the muscle shortens as it develops tension

Question 47

isometric contraction

Answer 47

the muscle develops tension but does not change length.

Question 48

Isokinetic contraction

Answer 48

the muscle contracts to its maximum at a constant speed over the full range of movement

Question 49

muscle contraction

Answer 49

Muscles contract and relax due to muscle filaments moving backwards and forwards across each other. What causes these backwards and forwards movements to occur is the actions of specialised nerve cells called motor units working at a neuromuscular junction.

Question 50

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 50

a neuromuscular junction is the site at which a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fibre using nerve impulses.

Question 51

what is a motor unit made up of

Answer 51

made up from a motor neuron and all the associated muscle fibres

Question 52

how motor works

Answer 52

Motor units work together to coordinate contractions of a single skeletal muscle, although the number of fibres in each unit varies based on the muscle size and role

Question 53

motor units during exercise

Answer 53

During low-intensity exercise, Type I motor units are recruited. As the intensity is increased Type IIa motor units are recruited until the intensity is enough to recruit Type IIx motor units

Question 54

Proprioceptors (key term

Answer 54

sensory receptors found in muscle tissue, tendons and joints which tell the brain about the physical state and position of a muscle or joint