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Phy Sci Final Flashcards

1
Q

Triglycerides

A

Storage form of fat in the body
>95% of the fat we eat is in the form of TG
When split, can either give us energy inside cell or gives us sugar

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2
Q

Saturated fat

A

Molecule requires hydrogen, linear in shape in order to stick
Solid at room temp (butter, lard)
Creates occlusion in blood vessels and raises bld cholesterol
Resistant to oxidation: longer shelf life and tastes better

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3
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Missing hydrogen atoms, forms double bonds to stabilize
Bent shape, attraction is less
Naturally existed in plants
Liquid at room temp (oil, canola)
Poly: 1 double bond, mono: more than 1
Healthier: used for other func, not stored
Short shelf life and nasty tasting

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4
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3)
Not made by body, must be obtained from food
Precursors for production of local tissue hormones
Essential for body funcs: blood clot formation, dissolving clots, stimulation, and inhibition of platelet aggregation, vasodil/con,
Veggies, flax seeds, plant and fish oils

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5
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Contain TG, cholesterol, phospholipid, protein

Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

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6
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fatty acids
Make oils more solid and more saturated, increases the lipids melting point
Create Trans fatty acids
Reduce oxidation, longer shelf life
Increase cardiovascular disease

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7
Q

CIS and TRANS

A

Cis: Same side of carbon chain, natural form, can be used inside body

Trans: opposite sides of chain, produced in lab, synthetic form, unsaturated fat but behaves like saturated fat, stored in body, raises cholesterol levels

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8
Q

Trans fatty acids

A

Increase LDL and lower HDL cholesterol levels

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9
Q

Phospholipids

A

Cell membranes
Soluble in water
Transport fat in blood stream
Manufactured in our bodies (not required)

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10
Q

Digestion of fats

A

Fat digestion begins in the small intestine
CCK and secretin stimulate gallbladder to release bile (produced by liver)
Pancreas releases lipase

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11
Q

Lipid absorption

A

Micelles: lipid packaging inside small intestine that makes lipids move into small intestine
Lipoproteins: facilitate absorption of lipids inside SI
Chylomicrons: type of lipid in bloodstream, lipids converted into chylomicron

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12
Q

Rules of fat

A

9 kcal per gram
Major fuel at rest, endurance exercise, stored energy, regulates cell functions, maintains membrane, protects body, flavor, texture, and satiety

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13
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks of proteins
20 make up proteins
9 essential amino acids: must be obtained from the diet and cannot be made in the body
Nonessential: synthesized in sufficient quantities

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14
Q

Complete protein

A

Found in foods of animal origin

Contains all of the essential amino acids

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15
Q

Incomplete protein

A

Found in food of plant origin
Lacks one or more of the essential amino acids
Does not support growth and health

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16
Q

How are proteins made?

A

Peptide bonds join amino acids (protein) together
Gene expression: cells use genes to make proteins
Gene: segment of DNA that serves as a template for synthesis of a particular protein
Transcription: messenger RNA copies genetic info from DNA
Translation: info in RNA converted into amino acid sequences
Amino acid pool: comes from food and breakdown of cells, synthesis of non protein compounds, antibodies, enzymes, various components in cells, fat, glucose
Excess nitrogen from processes in the form of NH3, used to synthesize urea in liver, excreted in urine via kidneys

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17
Q

Protein digestion

A

Chewing
Denatured by HCL in stomach
Pepsin break down protein in stomach
Proteases secreted in SI to digest polypeptides
Amino acids absorbed in SI, and then transported to liver and cells
Storage: liver and muscles

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18
Q

Protein nitrogen balance

A

nitrogen intake = nitrogen excretion

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19
Q

Positive nitrogen balance

A

nitrogen intake > nitrogen excretion

Occurs during growth periods

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20
Q

Negative nitrogen balance

A

nitrogen intake < nitrogen excretion
Results during inadequate protein intake, energy intake, illness, bed rest, infection
Inadequate carb intake results in loss of lean tissue and lead body mass; depletion of glycogen stores, protein deficiency, and depletion of glucogenic amino acids

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21
Q

Protein RDA

A

0.8 g per kg body weight per day

10-35% recommended

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22
Q

Whey

A

One of two types of protein found in milk
Fast protein, absorbed quickly into bloodstream
High levels of branched chain amino acids BCAA
High biological value as a result of its animo acid profile, solubility, digestibility

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23
Q

Casein

A

Major protein found in milk
Slow protein as it clots in stomach and is absorbed slowly into bloodstream
High glutamine content: most abundant amino acid in skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Soy

A

Derived from a plant source, complete protein
High glutamine and BCAA levels
Contains isoflavones, which may inhibit tumor growth, and has been shown to lower cholesterol

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25
Water soluble vitamins
Thiamin B1, riboflavin B2, niacin, cyanocobalamin B12, pyridoxine B6, frolic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid, C Important for chemical reactions inside cells Not stored in large amounts
26
Far soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K Readily stored in body's adipose tissue Toxic when excess
27
Major minerals
Required in amounts > 100mg/day | Calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium
28
Trade minerals
Required in amounts < 100 mg/day | Iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, selenium, fluoride, copper, manganese, molybdenum
29
Phytochemical
Vitamin-like compounds that have been documented to impart health benefits Fruits, vegetables Correspond to the color of fruit/ vegetable
30
Food labels
Companies mislead the public, as most of the weight of many foods is water
31
Free radicals
Unstable oxygen molecules often formed from sunlight, smoking, pollution Damage cell membrane lipids, protein enzymes Alter cellular DNA Oxidize blood cholesterol
32
Oxidative stress
Damage to body tissues due to free radicals Cigarette smoke, radiation, heavy metals Dietary factors include fat and refined sugar intake and physical inactivity Exercise can increase free radicals as the result of increased oxygen consumption
33
Antioxidants
Substance that protects cellular molecules from free radical Vitamins and enzymes Body's susceptibility to oxidant stress is dependent on oxidant load and antioxidant levels Decrease onset of cancer
34
Smoking and Tobacco
Increase risk of heart attack, stroke, cancer, lung disease Endothelial function: condition where inside the layer of cells of the blood vessels becomes damaged and is unable to function properly, increases risk of atherosclerosis and hypertension
35
Alcohol
7 kcal/gram Increase risk of high blood pressure, stroke, heart disease, cancer, birth defects Stomach secretions, lead to gastritis Induce inflammation of pantries and damage nerve cells Lowers fat oxidation and increases TG levels Decreases testosterone levels Liver, site of alcohol metabolism
36
Benign vs Malignant
Benign: noncancerous, localized Malignant: cancerous, spreading (metastasis)
37
Cancer formation
Normal cell transformed into a cancer cell if mutations occur in genes responsible for controlling cell division and growth Oncogene: mutated, cancer causing gene Tumor suppressor genes: slow cell growth, but mutations causes them to lose function and growth rate increases
38
Carcinogens
Chemicals that increase the frequency of mutations and cause cancer Alcohol, cig smoking, smoked cured BBQ pickled meat, radiation, pollutants, pesticides, viruses
39
Breast cancer
Due to cumulative effects of lifestyle: fat intake, low fiber intake, high sugar intake, obesity Estrogen levels, also dependent: tamoxifen (blocks estrogens receptors) Mostly occur in the post menopausal period Aromatase: enzyme that converts steroid hormones into estrogen (in fat cells) Soy inflavones and dietary fiber help decrease risk
40
Prostate cancer
Prostrate gland enlarges as men age, develops cancer Risk factors: 65+, obesity, high fat diet, ethnicity (African Americans) Estrogen, testosterone, and insulin may also increase risk
41
Systole vs diastole
Systole: heart is ejecting blood, higher blood pressure Diastole: heart relaxes, lower blood pressure
42
Heart attack
Lack of oxygen to theheart
43
Parts of the artery
Endothelial cel layer, smooth muscle cells, connective tissue Lumen: hole in middle where blood passes
44
Stages of Atherosclerosis
Fatty streaks: cholesterol and lipids accumulate under the endothelium and the cholesterol then becomes oxidized inducing inflammation, white blood cells pick up oxidized cholesterol resulting in foam cells Intermediate lesion: excessive accumulation of lipid-rich necrotic debris and smooth muscle cells form a fibrous lesion; fats and foam cells accumulate and start to spill over to the smooth muscle cells Advanced lesion: calcification causes hardening of lesion, blocks blood vessel lumen, blood vessel cannot stretch, increased blood pressure Clinical event: rupture of vulnerable plaques, blood clot stops blood flow
45
Cholesterol buildup
The amount of cholesterol in the blood | The susceptibility of cholesterol to oxidation
46
Cholesterol metabolism
Travels in the bloodstream in lipoproteins Produced by most cells Dietary source: animals
47
Chylomicrons
Formed in intestine after meal Enter the lymph system first Transports dietary fat to body tissue Contains a lot of TG
48
VLDL
Formed in liver | Transports endogenous lipids to body tissues
49
LDL
Formed in blood from VLDL | Transport cholesterol from liver to body cells
50
HDL
Synthesized in liver and released into the blood and transports cholesterol from blood back to the liver Inhibits LDL oxidation and is anti inflammatory
51
Vasodilation vs vasoconstriction
Vasodilation: low resistance Vasoconstriction: high resistance
52
Nitric oxide
Produced in endothelial cells in the intima layer Blood vessels dilate Estrogen increases NO
53
Exercise and blood pressure
Increases NO Aerobic and resistance training decreases BP Enhanced insulin sensitivity: insulin levels decrease SNS activity decreases: catecholamines decreases
54
Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes
Type 1: insulin dependent, manifests in teenage years, pancreatic beta cells are destroyed, insulin injections Type 2: noninsulin dependent, obesity, lifestyles, reversed or controlled with diet and exercise
55
Complications from diabetes
Macrovascular: atherosclerosis,heart attack, stroke Microvascular: involves small blood vessels in eye or kidney, retino, nephro, neuro pathy
56
Obesity and waist circumference
Males >40 in, 102 cm | Females >35 in, 88 cm
57
Energy balance equation
Store energy (glycogen, fat, body proteins) = energy in (food, alcohol) - energy out (basal metabolic rate, thermic effect on food, activity)
58
Dieting
Body tends to protect itself from weight loss by reducing resting metabolism Decrease in lead body mass Decade in thyroid hormone levels
59
Exercise
Continuous aerobic exercise, interval and resistance training all decrease fat mass
60
ATP
Form of chemical energy the body produces for biological work Food and oxygen required to make ATP Made in cells
61
Immediate energy : ATP-CP system
High intensity, short duration exercise
62
Short term energy - glycolytic system (anaerobic glycolysis)
Little ATP required Predominates for exercise < 1 min 90 secs contribution from anaerobic and aerobic
63
Long term energy : aerobic system
Eventually runout of oxygen | Build up of lactic acid
64
Carbohydrate metabolism
Fuel for energy, protein sparing, fuel for the central nervous system and other tissues The liver is the tissue that resupplies blood glucose during the post-absorptive periods
65
Glycolysis
Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate/lactate and generates a net of 2 ATP energy units Anaerobic metabolism: without oxygen
66
Oxidative metabolism
Aerobic conditions: oxygen is available to produce ATP
67
Hormone sensitive lipase
Enzyme that breaks down TG in fat cells and in muscle Activated by epinephrine and norepinephrine Inhibited by insulin: insulin increases the fat storage and decreases lipolysis, ratio of epinephrine to insulin dictate fat metabolism
68
Fat metabolism
B oxidation: process of free fatty acid breakdown into 2 carbon acetyl CoA fragments, which then enter aerobic pathway for further metabolism to produce ATP Muscle contains LPL enzyme to break down TG to be stored in muscle as muscle TG and its own HSL enzyme to help breakdown the muscle TG for energy production
69
Overload
The overall stress applied to the body must be administered at a level to elicit physiologic improvement and bring about a training response. A system or tissue must be stressed at a level beyond which it is presently accustomed to for a training effect to occur.
70
Adaptation
Physiological/biochemical changes that occur as a result of training How the body responds to the stress of exercise imposed upon it
71
Muscle physiology
700 muscles total Bundle of muscle fibers consisted of single muscle fiber cell, packed with proteins called myofibril, and each myofibril were sacromere (thick filaments made of myosin and thin filaments made of actin)
72
Muscle fiber types
Type 1: slow twitch, slow oxidative, low force, efficient aerobic metabolism, generate a lot of ATP, high amount of blood vessels and myoglobin, fat as energy, lots of ATP, fatigue resistant, slow to contract Type 2: fast twitch, high force, contract immediately, short term high intensity, anaerobic II a: fast oxidative glycolytic II x: fast glycolytic
73
Neural control
Motor unit: 1 motorneuron and all the fibers it innervates, fire in an all or none manner
74
Recruitment
Size principle Light object: recruit type 1 Medium object: type II a Heavier object: type II x
75
Isometric action vs dynamic action
Isometric: muscle active, force exerted=force resisting, no change in joint angle Dynamic: change in joint angle Eccentric- increase in joint angle, lengthening, moving with gravity Concentric- decrease in joint angle, shortening, moving against gravity
76
Training sensitive zone
55-90%
77
RER
Carbs 1 | Lipids 0.7

Phy Sci Final (1 decks)

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