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Phy1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is temperature?

A

Temperature is the degree of hotness of a body, a property which can change and be measured.

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2
Q

What are thermometric properties?

A

Thermometric properties are properties of objects that can be used to make thermometers, such as the change of volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure.

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3
Q

What is a thermometer?

A

Thermometers are instruments that utilise a particular thermometric property to measure temperature.

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4
Q

What are the two temperature points used for calibrating a thermometer?

A

The ice point (0°C) and the steam point (100°C).

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5
Q

List three principal hazards when using thermometers.

A
  • Fragile glassware
  • Toxic mercury
  • Extreme heat
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6
Q

What does Boyle’s Law state?

A

For the same amount of gas, the product of pressure and volume is the same for all ideal gases at equal temperatures. PV=PV

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7
Q

How is volume related to pressure for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature?

A

Volume is inversely proportional to pressure.

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8
Q

What is the formula for Boyle’s Law?

A

pV = CT, where C is a constant depending on the amount of matter.

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9
Q

What is Charles’ Law?

A

At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. V/T=V/T

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10
Q

What is the Pressure Law?

A

For a fixed amount of gas occupying a constant volume, the pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. P/T=P/T

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Heat is internal energy, but temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy due to the _______ of the molecules of an object.

A

random motion

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12
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The energy required to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.

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13
Q

What is the equation for calculating heat energy?

A

Q = mcΔT.

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14
Q

What is latent heat?

A

Latent heat is the heat added to a material to change its state without changing its temperature.

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15
Q

Define internal energy.

A

The sum of the random kinetic energies and potential energies of all the particles of a body.

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16
Q

What is the latent heat of fusion for ice?

A

340 kJ/kg.

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17
Q

What happens during evaporation?

A

A liquid evaporates at any temperature, accompanied by cooling.

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18
Q

True or False: Evaporation takes place only at the boiling point.

A

False.

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19
Q

What is the formula for linear expansion of a solid?

A

∆𝑙 = α𝑙 ∆𝑇.

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20
Q

What is a bimetallic strip?

A

A strip formed by two different metal strips stuck together that bends when heated.

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21
Q

List one application of bimetallic strips.

A
  • Used in thermostats.
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22
Q

What is the effect of differential expansion in solids?

A

It can cause bending or breaking.

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23
Q

What is the approximate specific heat capacity of water?

A

4.186 J/kg.K.

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24
Q

What happens when energy is added to an object?

A

The average kinetic energy of its molecules increases, leading to an increase in temperature.

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25
Fill in the blank: The total energy added to the body is measured in _______.
joules
26
What does the equation c = Q/(m∆T) calculate?
The specific heat capacity of a substance.
27
What type of sleepers can withstand large forces caused by temperature changes?
Concrete sleepers ## Footnote Concrete sleepers are used in railway tracks for their durability and strength.
28
What joints are used at the end of welded tracks?
Tapered joints ## Footnote Tapered joints help in aligning the ends of welded tracks.
29
What happens to lengths of tracks when they are heated during welding?
They remain in tension when they cool down ## Footnote This tension is due to the contraction of the material as it cools.
30
What type of joints must pipelines in the chemical industry have?
Flexible joints ## Footnote Flexible joints accommodate movement and prevent damage.
31
How are expansion and contraction used in riveting?
To achieve a tight joint ## Footnote This technique secures parts together effectively.
32
What is the purpose of rollers and gaps in sections of bridges?
To allow room for expansion due to temperature changes ## Footnote This prevents structural damage to the bridge.
33
What is thermal equilibrium?
The state when heat concentration is equal in both bodies ## Footnote Heat flows from hotter to colder bodies until equilibrium is reached.
34
Define conduction.
The flow of heat along matter without any matter flow ## Footnote Conductive heat transfer requires direct contact between particles.
35
What is the kinetic molecular theory used to explain?
The flow of heat through conduction ## Footnote It describes how faster-moving molecules transfer kinetic energy to slower ones.
36
Which materials are considered good conductors of heat?
Metals such as silver and copper ## Footnote They contain free electrons that facilitate heat transfer.
37
What types of materials are poor conductors of heat?
Insulators like water, glass, air, plastic, and wood ## Footnote These materials restrict heat flow.
38
What can be observed in the copper, steel, and fibreglass rods experiment?
The cork drops off from the copper rod first ## Footnote This demonstrates the varying rates of heat conduction among different materials.
39
What happens to ice and water in the test tube experiment?
Ice remains unmelted while water at the top starts to boil first ## Footnote This shows the differences in heat conduction in liquids.
40
Which is a very poor conductor of heat?
Air ## Footnote Air's molecular structure contributes to its insulating properties.
41
What is convection?
The main way thermal energy is transferred in liquids ## Footnote In gases, conduction is poor, and convection dominates heat transfer.
42
What happens to a fluid when it is heated?
Its volume increases while its mass stays constant ## Footnote This results in decreased density.
43
What is upthrust?
An upward force experienced by an object in a fluid ## Footnote It is caused by pressure differences in the fluid.
44
What occurs when an object is denser than the fluid it is in?
It will sink ## Footnote The upthrust is less than the object's weight.
45
What is a thermal current?
An upward current of warmed gases ## Footnote It can be observed in phenomena like the burning matchstick.
46
What is forced convection?
Blowing air over an object to speed up heat transfer ## Footnote Examples include fans in heaters and air-conditioners.
47
What happens to water between 4°C and 0°C?
Water expands as it gets colder ## Footnote This unusual behavior explains why fish survive in frozen ponds.
48
What is the best insulator?
Vacuum ## Footnote It stops all conduction and convection.
49
What does double glazing do?
It reduces convection and improves insulation ## Footnote The air gap prevents heat loss primarily by conduction.
50
What is the principle behind the thermal flask?
It prevents conduction, convection, and reduces radiation ## Footnote The vacuum and silvered surfaces are key components.
51
What factors affect heat loss through insulation?
* Thickness of insulator * Temperature difference * Kind of insulating material * Cross-sectional area ## Footnote Each factor plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of insulation.
52
What is the role of still air in insulation?
It cannot circulate and acts as an effective insulator ## Footnote Air trapped in small bubbles enhances insulation properties.
53
What is the significance of the black body in thermal radiation?
It is the best absorber of radiant energy ## Footnote Good absorbers are also good radiators to maintain thermal equilibrium.
54
What is radiation in the context of heat transfer?
The flow of heat via electromagnetic waves ## Footnote Unlike conduction and convection, radiation can occur in a vacuum.
55
What does the equation E = hf represent?
The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency ## Footnote 'h' is Planck's constant.
56
What is the primary reason people are seeking better insulation for their homes?
To reduce heat losses and heating expenses ## Footnote Heating expenses are increasing, motivating homeowners to improve insulation.
57
What is one technique for improving home insulation?
Double walls with cavity insulation, about 15 cm thick ## Footnote This technique helps to trap heat and reduce energy costs.
58
What type of glazing can enhance insulation?
Double or triple glazing ## Footnote These options provide better thermal performance than single glazing.
59
What is loft insulation?
Insulation in the loft or attic space, typically about 30 cm thick ## Footnote It helps to keep heat from escaping through the roof.
60
What is a common material used for loft insulation?
Fibreglass ## Footnote It forms a continuous layer on the upper side of the ceiling in the loft.
61
What is an effective type of floor covering for insulation?
Padded carpets with porous sponge ## Footnote These materials help to insulate the floor and reduce heat loss.
62
What should be the total thickness of fibre insulation under the floor for effectiveness?
About 10 cm ## Footnote Adequate thickness is crucial for effective insulation.
63
What is a key factor in ensuring effective home insulation?
Having very few gaps or leaks ## Footnote Gaps can significantly reduce the effectiveness of insulation.
64
How often is the air in an average house currently changed?
One whole volume of the air every hour ## Footnote This is based on standard architectural practice to prevent stuffiness.
65
Recent studies suggest that air changes can be reduced to what fraction without losing ventilation effectiveness?
One-tenth of the volume of the air ## Footnote This indicates that homes can be more energy-efficient while still being adequately ventilated.

Physics (1 decks)

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