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Gs 1 Geography And Gs 3 Env Mains > Phyisical Geography > Flashcards

Phyisical Geography Flashcards

1
Q

What are the harms and benifits of volcano

5 good and 4 bad

A

Good

  1. Igneous rock- gabbro and granite
  2. Ore- diamond, gold, sulphur, copper ex: panna
  3. Geothermal energy eg: mt kilauea
  4. New landforms: Japan, Hawaii
  5. Water : our today
  6. Black soil

Bad

  1. Spew lahars, ash, pyroclast
  2. Contaminate water, power supply,, wildfires
  3. Medium term: global dimming effect - ex: seen after eruption of mount pinatubo in Philippines
  4. Long term Tephra on ice - volcanic ash from Iceland in European alps
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2
Q

What are the evidence of himalayan origin

A
  1. Island arcs in drass sector
  2. Karakoram range - volcanic origin
  3. Early human skeleton so rising a recent thing
  4. Sawrm of earth quakes
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3
Q

Points of difference between tropical cyclones and temperate cyclones
9 points

A
  1. Thermal, dynamic
  2. 10-30, 35-65
  3. Sea origin, land and sea
  4. Summer, winter
  5. Few hours, days
  6. Anti cyclonic circulation
  7. Area- small, large
  8. Direction east
  9. DRIVING FORCE- LATENT HEAT OF CONDENSATION VS DENSITY DIFFERENCE OF AIR MASS
  10. wind velocity - higher, lower
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4
Q

What is ocean current? Reasons

A

Horizontal movement of ocean water in a particular path and direction.

  1. Thermohaline conveyor - difference in salinity and temperature - subsurface
  2. Wind - surface
  3. precipitation - higher sea level - at the surface
  4. Gravity - more at poles
  5. Atm pressure. - lower atmospheric pressure - higher sea level
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5
Q

Define glaciers

A

Dense body of ice that has been formed when the accumulation of snow exceeds it’s abalation over a long period of time

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6
Q

Good conclusion for land degradatipn

A

Avoid, reduce and reverse LD to uphold SDG 15 - LIFE ON LAND

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7
Q

Importance of peat lands

A
  1. Carbon storage - upto 44% of all soil carbon
  2. Watercycle
  3. Biodiversity- sumatran tigers
  4. Livelihood- berries, mushrooms, peat as fuel
  5. Archaeological evidence- exceptional preservation of natural and cultural organic remains
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8
Q

Steps taken to promote sustainable habitat or green building

A
  1. National action plan on sustainable habitat
  2. Griha and leed
  3. Energy conservation building code - by BEE
  4. CLIMate smart cities assessment framework
  5. National cooling action plan
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9
Q

Key points wrt offshore wind

A

Mnre - 30 gw by 2030

  1. Manufacturers, trained workers
  2. Need stronger turbine than onshore
  3. Cyclones can damage 🌪

Wf
Wind RPO
INDIA denmark- Coe on offshore wind

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10
Q

Non energy resources from ocean

A
  1. Marine placer deposit - tin, titanium
  2. Pmn- manganese, ni
  3. Cobalt rich ferro manganese crust
    4 poly metallic sulphides
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11
Q

Importance of himalayas

A
  1. Climate unifier - Siberian cold waves, Control monsoon- subtropical jet stream
  2. Souce of young river - hydro power
  3. Soil by these rivers- richest plain- bhangar and khadar
  4. Kharewas - galciation of himalaya
  5. Himalayan trillium, blue poppy
  6. Himalayan circuit , adventure tourism , spiritual tourism
  7. Tribes - Gujjars and bakarwals
  8. Climate - horticulture- valley of flower
  9. Biodiversity- rajaji and hemis
  10. Wetland - tsomiri, tsokar
  11. Anthracite coal
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12
Q

Why glaciers melting

A
  1. Rising GW
  2. Ocean heating up and siberian heat wave ( bcoz of weakened jet stream) - double whammy from top and bottom
  3. Ice breaking ships 🚢- leave behind open water - less albedo and becomes warm

Overall artic amplification- when world temp Inc — artic 2 or 3 times

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13
Q

Consequences of artic melt/ cryosphere melt

A
  1. Albedo - heat budget
  2. Feed back loop- sea level rice - artic amplification
  3. Thaw in ice = methane bomb
  4. Pollutants and pesticides like DDT
  5. Alter thermohaline circulation
  6. Weakening jet streams - kink
  7. Overall change in world climate - reduced ice in Barents Kara region —— extreme rainfall events in later half of monsoon in india
  8. Biodiversity- coral , bear needs ice shelf to catch food

Human
1. Damage to ecosystem services : 70% freshwater - ice , replenishing rivers ( Ganga , Yangtze)
2. Agri - rhone valley Switzerland
3. Natural hazards - GLOF burst
Positives
1. Opening sea routes
2. Mineral resources

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14
Q

2 global initiative to protect peat land

A
  1. Unfcc- global peatlands initiative

2. Brazaville declaration - unep- to protect worlds tropical peatland

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15
Q

Threats to peatland

A
  1. Drainage for agri
  2. Commercial forestry- scandanavian countries
  3. Peat extraction - fuel
  4. Infra
  5. Pollution
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16
Q

Way forward for peatland

A
  1. Landscape approach - rewetting, plaudiculture
  2. Local community
  3. Comprehensive mapping of peatland
  4. Market to finance peatland
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17
Q

West Coast vs east coast

A
  1. Submergent vs emergent
  2. Narrow coastal plain
  3. Natural ports
  4. Estuaries ( narmada, tapi) vs deltas
  5. Continous ghats vs discontinous ghats
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18
Q

Why india has so many types of soils

A
  1. Himalayan river - alluvial soil
  2. Alternate dry and wet of western Ghats - laterite soil
  3. Lava origin of deccan plateau - black soil
  4. Heavily forested northeast Region - forest soil
  5. .over irrigation, canal irrigation- saline soil
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19
Q

Issues with indian forestry

A
  1. Forest economy calculation - 2% of gdp. But ecological services - carbon sequestration
  2. Changing policy - forest conservation act amendment
  3. Grazing- more than 75% of India’s forest ( world bank report)
  4. Shifting cultivation
  5. Timber - ex: red sandalwood
  6. Forest fires - 2023 Goa - 400 hectares
  7. Development over forest - ex: great Nicobar project 9 lakh tress to be felled
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20
Q

Case study on indian forest

A

Telagana haritha haram tree project
Planting inside and outside reserve forest
More than 180 crore seedlings planted as of now

Periyar tiger conservation model

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21
Q

Advantages of geothermal

A
  1. 10 gw
  2. E friendly
  3. No fossil fuels
    4 hot reservoir naturally replenish
  4. Can calculate. Bcoz doesn’t fluctuate much
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22
Q

Restrictions of geothermal energy

A
  1. Location specific
  2. Many other gases
  3. Eq trigger
  4. Expensive
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23
Q

Why hydro electriciry preferred less over coal

A
  1. Env clearance vs no technoeconomic clearance for thermal
  2. Skewed
  3. Eia, r&r - cost overrun
  4. Inter state conflict
  5. Hep inaccessible. Roads
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24
Q

Why coal irreplaceable as of now

A
  1. Passes the availability and affordability test
  2. Amcillary industry- steel ( coking coal), cement
  3. Big ticket project like NIP- Need cheap power
  4. Sun and wind - variable , hydropower is regionally skewed
  5. Nuclear - risky
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25
Q

Conclusion for coal

A

Ipcc said that india need a reliable transition plan from coal to re to deal with cc effectively. So strengthening of coal supply chain ecosystem with vibrant renewable energy

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26
Q

Negative of coal

A
  1. Pollution - extraction, drilling, crushing - huge amounts of fly ash -
  2. Unscientific mining practices - Rat hole mining tragedy of tinsukia in assam
  3. solid waste gen during quarrying, rock breaking
  4. Topographic issues - subsidence of mines - alteration
  5. Monsoon and flooding issues - slurry is formed due to water logging of coal mines which makes water further toxic
  6. High moisture, high ash content - low productivity
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27
Q

National mineral policy 2019 for non fuel

A
  1. Inc by 200% in 7 years
  2. Intergenerational equity
  3. In prnciple statutory clearance for certain
  4. Dedicated mineral transport corridor
  5. Pvt sector
  6. Harmonze tax, levies and royalty with world benchmarks
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28
Q

Salinity of ocean water

A

35000 ppm

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29
Q

Factors which affect ocean salinity

A
  1. Water cycle - fresh water - bob
  2. Evaporation- mid lattitude
  3. More wind more ev
  4. Ocean current- The warm currents near the equatorial region push away the salts from the eastern margins of the oceans and accumulate them near the western margins
  5. Closed sea- higher salinity
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30
Q

Impact of ocean salinity

A
  1. Drives ocean thermohaline circulation.
  2. Sea nutrient circulation
  3. Determines density of seawater - Phytoplanktons and microscopic algae float
  4. Precipitation - more saline less precipitation
  5. Ocean acidification- higher salinity can buffer
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31
Q

Issues with indias diamond industry

A
  1. Raw materials - colored ( auz() , crude diamond - Russia
    2.. Skewed - surat
    3 credit- nirav modi
  2. R&D, skilled labor
  3. Trade related issues- difficult to determine price of each piece

Indian Institute of gemology - delhi

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32
Q

Challenges to indias energy security

A
  1. No resources- lithium, petrol
  2. Import dependant - opec Asia premium
  3. Issues with re
  4. Climate targets
  5. Skewed Policies- subsidised electricity for households
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33
Q

Measures taken to improve indias energy security

A
  1. Spr
  2. Investment in re - ex: solar parks, solar roof top programme
  3. National hydrogen mission
  4. Energy efficiency - griha, leed
  5. Electric mobility
  6. Kabil- lithium
    Ovl - fossil fuel- Sakhalin in russias far east
34
Q

What are the forces acting in continenet drift theory

A

Pole fleeing force, gravitational force, centrifugal force

35
Q

Evidence of continental drift theory

A
  1. Gold in ghana , viens in Brazil
  2. Rock of the same age across oceans
  3. Glossopteris
  4. Mesosaurus
  5. Till
  6. Jigsaw of continents
36
Q

Different stages in formation of Himalaya

A
  1. First stage – O -O crusts - eurasian ocean sunk- island arcs - ladakh, nepal
  2. Second stage - o-c — indian plates oceanic sunk under eurasian continental plate. Karakoram plate
  3. Third stage - c-c – folding of the sediment of tethys sea.
37
Q

Peninsular plateau formation keywords

A
  1. 72 mn years ago broke from gondwanaland
  2. Mantle plume near seychells and madagascar - basaltic - deccan trap
  3. Hit eurasian- western flank shedding - South East tilt
38
Q

Give example of continent oceanic Convergence

A

Nazca ( oceanic) + south American ( continental ) = andes

39
Q

Mantle plume spots

A

Hawai
Reunion
Galapagos
Iceland

40
Q

Warm local winds

A

Chinook
Fohn
Sirocco
Harmattan

41
Q

Cold local winds

A

Mistral
Bora
Pampero

42
Q

Why more cyclones in BOb

A
  1. Lesser salinity. More evaporation
  2. Monsoon winds. AS cooler
  3. Monsoo winds - vertical shear
  4. Typhoons in West Pacific
43
Q

Cc and jet stream

A
  1. Temp. Contrast driving jet stream - gone
  2. Extreme weather - 2015 snowfall in New York, warming of Alaska
  3. Forest fire - siberian forest fire
  4. Food security- could trigger simultaneous crop failures around the globe
  5. Melting of greenland rising sea- due to weakening of jet streams which acted as boundary from incoming warm air from equator
44
Q

What is airmass.?? Condition for its formation

A

Mass of air with little horizontal variation in temp and moisture. Surface to upper troposphere

Main source - high pressure belt in subtroics

  1. Large source
  2. High pressure. Little variation
  3. Anticyclonic circulation
45
Q

Factors affecting formation of the tide

A
  1. E and m - perigree
  2. E and s - perihelion
  3. Syzgy ( solar eclipse and lunar eclipse ) - spring, quadrature - neap
  4. Coriolis force - tidal waves rotate around amohidromic points
  5. Intra ocenaic - depth, relief of floor, shape of bay. Ex: high amplitude wave - funnel effect - Nova Scotia
46
Q

Diefferent types of sedimentary rocks

A
  1. Mechanically formed- sandstone
  2. Chemically formed- gypsum and rocks salt
  3. Organically formed - lignite and limestone
47
Q

Different types of Mass wasting

A
  1. CREEP- soil creep, solifuction
  2. Flow- mudflow. Earth flow
  3. Landslide - rock slide, debris avalanche, rock slump
48
Q

Why continental theory rejected

A
  1. Considered ocean to be static. Now proved wrong
  2. Pole fleeing force, gravitational force not enough to break apart continents
  3. What is the mechanism of breaking up of Pangea?
49
Q

Harry Hess sea floor spreading hypothesis evidences

A
  1. Oceanic crust much younger
  2. Rock on either side of ridge- equidistant, remarkable similarities- age and magnetic polarity
  3. Age increases as one moves away from the ridge
  4. Shallow focus eq on the ridge
  5. Oceanic sediment not thicker
50
Q

List down tsunami examples

A
  1. 1964 Alaska eq + tsu - largest
  2. 2002 Stromboli
  3. 2004 Indian Ocean - deadliest - indo, india , Tanzania
  4. 2006 Kurile island
  5. 2010 Sumatra MENTAWAI EQ

2022 minor - tonga, Philippines, Mexico

51
Q

Sunspots impact on us

A

If more sunspots- Solar flares and coronal mass ejections determinant of space weather

  1. Auroras
  2. Orbits of satellites and astronauts
  3. These geomagnetic storms generate induced current - Power grids
  4. Communication network, gps
    ** a severe solar storm, like the 1859 Carrington Event, the strongest geomagnetic storm in recorded history that damaged telegraph networks at the time.**
  5. Undersea cables
  6. Shortwave radio communication of aircraft’s over polar region
  7. Scientists found solar tsunami
52
Q

What are the factors controlling temperature distribution on earth

A
  1. Lattitude - between 20 Deg north and south
  2. Land and sea differential - specific heat, albedo, cloud, penetration of light
  3. Altitude - 6.5 deg celsius/ km
  4. Prevailing winds and local winds ( chinnok harmattan, loo)
  5. Oceanic current - warm oceanic current — positive anomaly’s
  6. Nature of ground surface ( albedo )
    ( ice - 70-80, black soil 10-15)
  7. Slopes - greater concentration of solar energy per unit area over gentler slopes. Ex: southern side of Himalaya warmer
53
Q

What are the suitable conditions for temp inversion

A
  1. Long Winter nights
  2. Cloudless sky
  3. Dry air near ground
  4. Slow movt of air - reduces mixing of heat in the lower layers of atmosphere
  5. Snow covered ground- reflects insolation
54
Q

How temperature inversion affects weather and habitats

A
  1. Reduced precipitation
  2. Fog - good for some plants - protects from solar irradiance
  3. Stable temp in western margin of continents- desert
  4. Low diurnal variations
  5. Intense thunderstorms and tornadoes are also associated with inversion of temperature because of the intense energy that is released after an inversion blocks an area’s normal convention patterns.

Environment

  1. Air pollution
  2. Smog
  3. Habitat in mid range slopes rather than valleys
  4. Telecom- due to refraction from layers above cold air
55
Q

Significance of tricellular model

A
  1. Deserts- manifestation of Hadley cell
  2. Monsoon
  3. Itcz
  4. Jet streams
  5. Heat budget
  6. Geophysical phenomenon of tropical , temperate and anticyclones
56
Q

Intro for tropical cyclones

A

TC are secondary circulations that are violent storms that originate over ocean in tropical areas and move towards coastal areas entailing great destruction

57
Q

Why tropical cyclones in bob region, scs , Gulf of Mexico

A
  1. 27
  2. High humidity
  3. Pre existing tropical disturbances
  4. Light winds - low vertical shear
  5. Low salinity - more evaporation.
58
Q

Characteristics of jet stream

A
  1. Circumpolar
  2. Upper tropospheric
  3. Westerly
  4. Geo strophic
  5. Meandering
  6. Fast
59
Q

Significance of airmass

A
  1. Monsoons - tropical maritime air mass
  2. Temperate cyclone, frontogenisis, unstable climate in mid latitude region especially British type climate
  3. Western disturbances
  4. Arid continental airmass from Mexico move towards Great Plains - drought of Great Plains of USA
  5. Blood rain in Europe - when continental tropical air mass crosses Mediterranean
60
Q

What are the effects of El Niño

A
  1. Precipitate
  2. Drives tropical cyclones in pacific
  3. Reduced upwelling in South America
  4. Dry Amazon, bush fires of Australia
  5. Data by IMD on analysis of past 122 years - 16/22 El Niño years resulted in drought like conditions in india
  6. Relief to Horn of Africa
  7. Shifts location and intensity of major weather system such as subtropical jet stream
61
Q

Issues in Himalaya

A
  1. Accelerated glacial melting - Himalayan Hindu Kush assessment
  2. Man made prob
    A. Unplanned devp- land subsidence
    B. Human popln GLOF
    C. Reinforced concrete - urban heat island in Srinagar
    D. Overgrazing - no grass for Kashmiri stag
    E. Deforestation for tourism - Gulmarg
    F. Air pollution - 28% brown carbon tarball- glacial melt and gw
    G. Flawed design of dam- high siltation in Bhakra Nangal
62
Q

What will be the impact of melting glaciers of Himalayas ? Wf

A

IMPACT

  1. GLOF, floods, landslides, avalanches
  2. Springs drying up, crop loss
  3. Changing river course and nature- more erosion,more sediment load, reduced carrying capacity of rivers
  4. Changing tree line of Himalayas - affect phonological
  5. Short flood, long droughts

Wf . Psc recommendation
1. Overarching body
2. Regional cooperation
3. EWS
4. Himalayan state planners, scientists, academicians

63
Q

What are the causes of landslides in wg and Himalayas

A

Wg
1. Heavy rainfall in concentrated region
2. Mining
3. Deforestation for road
4. Anomalous slope coupled with rain and gravity
5. Windmill projects in western ghats of Maharashtra by clearing forest

Himalayas
1. Still young, tectonic activities
2. Steep and sharp slopes
3. Soil not yet consolidated
4. Anthropogenic like jhum cultivation by removing terse cover

64
Q

Himalayan rivers vs peninsular rivers BROAD HEADINGS

A
  1. Origin
  2. Perennial
  3. Catchment area
  4. Nature
  5. Drainage pattern
  6. Shape of valleys
  7. Deltas and estuaries
  8. Navigation
  9. Supply of groundwater
65
Q

How to tackle water pollution

A
  1. Ivofm IISER Pune
  2. Floating wetland
  3. Sewers- proper maintenance
  4. Comprehensive waste management plan
  5. Law
    Ex: USA clean water act has a penalty of over 30000$ for polluting river
  6. Behavioural change
66
Q

Challenges of wetlands

A
  1. Unsustainable urbanisation and illegal construction ( marad, kochi )
  2. Pollution ( deepor beel)
  3. Expansion of agriculture - eutrophication
  4. Damming and water abstraction
  5. Reclaiming fringe areas for intensive aquaculture
  6. Non environmental friendly tourism
    Ex: plastic bottles in Ashtamudi lake
  7. Lack of proper identification and implementation of laws
  8. Lack of community participation
    Ex: protests in Goa for not involving commmunity in coastal Zone management plan
  9. Illegal activities
    Ex: salt mining in sambhar affecting the ecosystem
67
Q

Effect of dead zones

A
  1. Marine life
  2. Ecosystem services- drinking, irrigation purposes, recreation
  3. Economic - species range shift, losses in spawning habitat
  4. Climate change - such zones net realease of NO2
  5. Feedback mechanism - recycling of phosphorus cycle enhanced
68
Q

What are the causes of forest fire

A

ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS
1. Cigarette butts, borne fires - ex: simplipal forest fire due to burning of Mahua leaves by tribals
2. Unplanned Dev - faulty electric line via forest
3. Lack of adoption of modern tech - shifting cultivation, burning of fire to ward off animals

Natural
1. Dry climate and friction between branches
2. Lack of soil moisture
3. Lightning

69
Q

Wf for forest fires

A
  1. Fire danger rating system + fire forecasting system to be developed - fire aid initiative ( of WEF which uses AI) can be combined with forest fire regime maps prepared by ISRO
  2. Community participation
  3. Creating fire breaks
  4. Doppler radar and radio acoustic system
70
Q

What are the benefits of inland waterways

A
  1. Cost of transportation
  2. Cost of construction
  3. No displacement of people
  4. Complements the river interlinking project
  5. Huge land not required
  6. Low emission
  7. Address traffic congestion in other
  8. Cruise tourism
  9. Industrial corridors
  10. Jobs
71
Q

What are the concerns for inland waterways

A
  1. Rt of states
  2. Jetties , terminal, Navigation channels
  3. Constant silt flow into the river
  4. Biodiversity ( Gangetic dolphin)
  5. Climate change - frequent floods and droughts
72
Q

Issues with India’s Gondwana coal

A
  1. 100 million years younger than world coal, less carbon content
  2. Low calorific value - low cc + high impurities
  3. High ash fusion temp - so entrained gasifiers
  4. High ash content
  5. Not of coking variety - so we import from australia
73
Q

HELP vs NELP key points

A
  1. Financial model
  2. Cost recovery
  3. Cost efficiency
  4. Management commitee
  5. E & p of all hydrocarbons
  6. Exploration in mining lease areas
74
Q

What are the benefits of coal bed methane extractions

A
  1. Reduce our gas import needs
  2. Since already aware of coal depositions, easy to chalk out cbm location
  3. Much cleaner source of energy than coal - socio economic benefits
  4. Prevent the probs of deforestation , open cast mines etc
  5. Fertiliser raw material, rolling mills, steel plants etc
75
Q

Issues with CBM extraction

A
  1. Future subsidence of land - sinkhole formation due to pumping out of huge amounts of water
  2. Change of ground water and surface water characteristics
  3. Appropriate tech to drill into deeper coal seams
76
Q

Issues with shale gas production

A
  1. Entails usage of huge amount of fresh water for hydraulic fracturing
  2. Pollution due to disposal of shale flow back water
  3. Additives in the fracturing fluid can contaminate ground water
  4. Possibility of induced siesmicity and blowouts
  5. Air pollution
  6. Local impacts -volume of truck traffic, noise and land disturbance
77
Q

Reasons for low development of solar energy

A

According to MNRWE 2022- only 1/4th of sanctioned solar projects took off

  1. Fluctuates, but no battery expertise
  2. High surface area req, difficult especially in urban areas
  3. Lack of manufacturing ecosystem- high upfront cost and huge maintenance cost
  4. Low productivity - dust , soft water, skilled manpower
  5. Intl - import dependence on silicon wafers, national content requirement criteria issue in WTO
  6. Roof top not scaling up
  7. Lack of effective evacuation and integration into main power grid - lack of high transmission power lines
  8. Policies - ineffective net metering
  9. Env - habitat of great Indian bustard
78
Q

Issues with hydro energy

A
  1. Habitat alteration for marine species
  2. Reduced quality of water down stream
  3. Induced seismicity- ex: Koyna dam
  4. Operational error - disastrous floods - ex: mullaperiyar
  5. Changing rain
79
Q

Data on
Q1. Installed solar energy / total potential
Q2. Total renewable energy installed

A
  1. 70/ 750 gw
  2. > 170 gw
80
Q

Way forward for solar energy

A
  1. Unrestricted access to net metering - scaling up of roof top
  2. Stricter RPO enforcement
  3. KABIL in Australia
  4. Effective use of water bodies - ex: Ramagundam floating solar power plant
  5. Green grid initiative

Suryagram modhera

81
Q

Epicentre or eq sometimes not at plate boundaries

A
  1. Intra plate Eqs - shield and craton part usually stable. But ancient faults, weak zones etc.
    Ex: Bhuj eq, Latur eq
  2. Epicentre sometimes faraway from focus along plate boundaries- material density, formation and merger of p, s, l waves, unknown reason
  3. Anthropogenic- dam, underground blasts, deep mining
  4. Volcano induced
82
Q

How temperature inversion affects agriculture

A
  1. Frost damage - ex: wheat in Punjab
  2. Sometimes frost covering protects plants from solar irradiance. Ex: good for coffee
  3. Optimal growing conditions mid slopes. Ex: apple tree in Himachal’s
  4. Some pest thrives ( mealy bugs ), some reduces ( aphids )
  5. Pollution - acid rain and degradation
  6. Precipitation- water stress.
    In some cases reduces evapotranspiration- good for crops prone to drought

Gs 1 Geography And Gs 3 Env Mains (5 decks)

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