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LIFE SCIENCE > Phylogenetic > Flashcards

Phylogenetic Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Root

A

The oldest Common Ancestor

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2
Q

What is the Node?

A

Where Species brand off from a common ancestor

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3
Q

Sister Taxas

A

The most closest related ex: (A & B, E To A, B, C, D)

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4
Q

What is Monophyletic?

A

Common Ancestor and all of the descendants, this can be determined by the number of nodes. Any group from any node

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5
Q

What is Paraphyletic?

A

Includes Some but not all descendants of a common ancestor. (A taxa not included even though it is attached to a node)

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5
Q

What is Polyphyletic?

A

Don’t share a recent common ancestor but rather an older one

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5
Q

What is Adaptation?

A

A trait that makes an organism more suited to its environment

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5
Q

Parsimony

A

With the least evolution so that means the most likely phylogeny

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6
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

The process in which organisms better adapt to their environment and are able to survive and reproduce better(leads to evolution, and is not based on need)

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7
Q

What is Extinction?

A

Occurs when a species is unable to adapt quickly to its environment(process of elimination)

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7
Q

What is stabilized selection?

A

Population stabilizes a particular trait, one trait is favored instead of two extreme traits (ex: Common weight at birth)

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8
Q

What is directional selection?

A

an extreme (characteristics or traits) is favored over other phenotypes and this causes the allele frequency (how often the variant of a gene shows up in a population) (ex: Both short and long necks in giraffes but the long necks won to reach higher trees

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9
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Both extreme traits are favored over a regular stabilized trait (ex: Extremely long or short is favored over medium)

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9
Q

What is convergent evolution?(Analogus Traits)

A

Organisms that are not closely related have similar features or traits (ex: Wings on bats vs birds)

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10
Q

What are Homologues Traits?

A
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11
Q

What are Anthropods?

A

Invertebrates with jointed legs. Often insects, spiders or centipedes, arachnids. Invertebrates don’t have backbones.

12
Q

What are the characteristics of an anthropod?

A
  1. Exoskeletons- A hard outerlayer that protects the soft tissues
  2. Segments-One pair of legs per segment
13
Q

What is a Millipdes?

A

An invertebrate that has 12 pairs of legs

Head distinct with antennae

Has 2 pair of legs per segment

14
Q

What is a centipede?

A

A centipede is an invertebrate with 1 pair of legs per segment

15
Q

What are an Arachnids?

A

An invertebrate with two body parts and 8 legs

16
Q

What are scorpions?

A

Scorpions are invertebrates with venomous curved tails

17
Q

What is an insect?

A

Insects are invertebrates with 3 body parts(head, thorax, abdomen)

6 legs

1 pair of antennas and some wings

18
Q

What is a spider?

A

A spider is an invertebrate with venomous fangs.

19
Q

What is complete Metamorphosis?

A

Metamorphosis is the change through life 4 life stages

egg, larva, pupa and adult

20
Q

What is incomplete Metamorphosis?

A

Only goes through three or less stages of life cycle

Egg, nymph(small adult insect), Adult

21
Q

Examples of INC Meta?

A

Dragonflies
Circadas
Silverfish

22
Q

Examples of COMP Meta?

A

Butterflies
Bees
Ants
Beetles

23
Q

What is Direct Metamorphosis?

A

Direct Metamorphosis is less than 2 life stages in which the insect grows bigger but does not transform

Egg. adult

24
Q

Examples of Direct Metamorphosis

A

Mayflies

25
Q

What is an anamorphy?

A

An anamorphy are derived traits that are unique to a group( higher up traits that the common ancestor does not have) ,

26
Q

What is a synamorphhy?

A

Synamorphies are anamorphies that traits are shared between two or more groups

27
Q

What are plesiomorphy/Primitves?

A

Plesiomorphy is a characteristic that is present at the begining of the tree( oldest common ancestor)

28
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Cladistics is the classification of organisms into groups based on their traits from ancestors.

29
Q

What is synamorphy?

A
30
Q

What are characters?

A

Characteristics that define a group

LIFE SCIENCE (1 decks)

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