Phylogenies and Phylogenic Trees

Question 1

Phenetic

Answer 1

species grouped based on overall similarity classification theme, no infrence about evolutionary history

Question 2

Cladistic

Answer 2

species group based on shared derived traits (could be any trait -genetic morphology, behavior) these groups are called a clade

Question 3

character

Answer 3

flower, petal color, stem type

Question 4

character state

Answer 4

red vs white petals

herbaceous vs woody stem

Question 5

derived character state

Answer 5

modified form of trait, found in descendants; derived relative to the ancestor eg. red petals, woody stem

Question 6

monophyletic group (clade)

Answer 6

ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 7

monophyletic groups are indentified by..

Answer 7

synapomorphies- shared derived traits

Question 8

homologies

Answer 8

similar trait in 2 species because they inherited from common ancestor

Question 9

homoplaises

Answer 9

similar/ same trait in 2 species because they each evolved independently

Question 10

Convergent Evolution

Answer 10

results in homoplasy. natural selection favors familiar solutions to shared challenges
ex. wings of bird and wings of bat

Question 11

how to we tell the difference between homoplaises and homologies

Answer 11

1. look for other species that share the same trait

2. apply parsimony

Question 12

outgroup

Answer 12

related but not apart of the same clade

used to root the tree (ancestral state)

Question 13

parsimony

Answer 13

simplist possubke answer is probably the right answer