Phylogeny

Question 1

Ancestral characteristic synonym

Answer 1

Plesiomorphic

Question 2

Derived characteristic synonym

Answer 2

Apomorphic

Question 3

Synapomorphy

Answer 3

Derived character/trait that is shared between two or more taxa

Question 4

Monophyletic group

Answer 4

An ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 5

Paraphyletic group

Answer 5

An ancestor and some of its descendants

Question 6

Polyphetic group

Answer 6

Taxa that are not descended from an immediate common ancestor

Question 7

Chordate characteristics (5)

Answer 7

1) Dorsal hollow nerve chord
2) Notochord
3) Pharyngeal slits
4) Post-anal tail
5) Endostyle (thyroid)

Question 8

Embryonic origin of dorsal hollow nerve cord

Answer 8

Ectoderm

neural tube

Question 9

Embryonic origin of notochord

Answer 9

Mesoderm

Question 10

Chordata subphylums

Answer 10

Cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata

Question 11

Urochordata distinguishing features

Answer 11

Dramatic metamorphosis, filter feeding

Question 12

Cephalochordata distinguishing features

Answer 12

No metamorphosis, filter feeding

Question 13

Echinodermata distinguishing features

Answer 13

Dramatic metamorphosis, pentaradial symmetry in adults, bilateral symmetry in larvae

Question 14

Hemichordata distinguishing features

Answer 14

Three sections: proboscis, collar, and trunk, no post-anal tail but has pharyngeal slits

Question 15

Vertebrata distinguishing features

Answer 15

Vertebrae, very diverse, usually have red blood cells, brains, sense organs, a cranium, closed circulatory system. TBH, what you think of when you think “animal”

Question 16

Agnatha

Answer 16

Jawless vertebrae

Question 17

Gnathostomata

Answer 17

Jawed vertebrae

Question 18

Agnathan classes

Answer 18

Myxinoidea (hagfish)

Petromyzontida (lampreys)

Question 19

Protostome

Answer 19

blastopore = mouth hole

Question 20

Deuterostome

Answer 20

blastopore = butt hole

Question 21

Amniotes

Answer 21

Organisms with amniotic eggs with EEM’s like chorion, allantois

Question 22

Anamniotes

Answer 22

Organism with anamniotic eggs (i.e. amphibians)

Question 23

Myxinoidea

Answer 23

Hagfish, agnathans

Question 24

Eutheria

Answer 24

Chorioallantoic EEM’s, live young, “us”

Question 25

Holocephali

Answer 25

Subgroup of chondrichthyes, contains ratfish

Question 26

Petromyzontida

Answer 26

Lampreys

Question 27

Elasmobranchii

Answer 27

Subgroup of chondrichthyes, contains rays, sharks

Question 28

Chondrichthyes

Answer 28

Cartilagenous fish

Question 29

Teleostei

Answer 29

Ray-finned fish (NOT to be confused with teleostomi, which is osteichthyes + tetrapods)

Question 30

Actinopterygii

Answer 30

Under paraphyletic group osteichthyes, also known as ray-finned fish.

Question 31

Sarcopterygii

Answer 31

Fleshy-finned fish, such as lungfish. Under paraphyletic group osteichthyes

Question 32

Osteichthyes

Answer 32

Bony fish

Question 33

Tetrapoda

Answer 33

Bony vertebrata with "legs"

Question 34

Teleostomi

Answer 34

Monophyletic group of osteichthyes + tetrapoda

Question 35

Amphibia

Answer 35

Anamniotic organisms with thin mucousy skin and aquatic young but terrestrial adults. Example: frogs, toads, salamanders

Question 36

Sauropsida

Answer 36

"Reptiles" and birds

Question 37

Parareptilia

Answer 37

Anapsid skulls (otic notch is analogous). Turtles

Question 38

Mammalia

Answer 38

Synapsid skulls, with fur and mammary glands, endothermy

Question 39

Monotremata

Answer 39

ECHIDNA AND PLATYPUS. OH MY GOSSSSHHHH PUGGLES

Question 40

Synapsida

Answer 40

Organisms with synapsid skulls (really for all intents and purposes synonymous with mammalia in this course)

Question 41

Eureptilia

Answer 41

Taxa containing archosauria and lepidosauria. Dyapsid skulls

Question 42

Archosauria

Answer 42

Contains aves, crocodilia, dinosauria (extinct)

Question 43

Lepidosauria

Answer 43

Contains squamata and sphenodonta

Question 44

Sphenodonta

Answer 44

Tuatara (huge-headed reptile lizard thing, it's p. cool)

Question 45

Squamata

Answer 45

Snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids

Question 46

Aves

Answer 46

Birds

Question 47

Crocodilia

Answer 47

Crocodiles, alligators,

Question 48

Metatheria

Answer 48

Aka marsupials, yolk sac placenta, live but tiny and pouched young