phylogeny and architecture Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
how many phyla?
A
around 34
2
Q
The Geologic Time Scale (saying to remember order of the things)
A
CAMels Often Sit Down CARefully, Perhaps Their Joints CREak,
3
Q
the geologic time scale
the actual things
A
Cambian, ordovician, silurian, Devonian, carboniferous, permian, triassic, jurassic, cretaceous,
4
Q
what geological time scale did humans come
A
quaternary
5
Q
what geological scale did mammals come
A
paleogene
6
Q
hierarchical groupings
A
King Philip Called Out For Good Sex , Kingdom, phylum, class, order, Family, Genus, Species.
7
Q
taxa
A
organisms in the rank
8
Q
Binomial name
A
italicized Genus species, or italicized Genus sp.
9
Q
how are species grouped?
A
groupes on evolutionary relatedness, evolutionary decent, descendants share key features
10
Q
phylogeny
A
uses organismal characters(morphological, developmental(embryological), genetic/molecular, fossil)
11
Q
homoplasy characters
A
not related; convergent evolution
12
Q
homology characters
A
common ancestry
13
Q
clade
A
organism evolved from a common ancestor
14
Q
monophyly
A
most recent common ancestor and ALL of its decedents
15
Q
Paraphyly
A
most recent common ancestor and SOME but NOT ALL of its decedents
16
Q
polyphyly
A
no recent common ancestor, based on homoplasy (no evolutionary origin)
17
Q
evolution is linear or branching ?
A
branching
18
Q
Key transitions in animal architecture
A
-levels of organization/complexity (tissues)
-Body symmetry
-body cavity organization
developmental traits (protostome vs deuterostome)
-segmentation
19
Q
levels of organization
A
- protoplasmic
- cellular
- cell-tissue
- tissue
- organ and organ system
20
Q
protoplasmic level of organization
A
- unicellular eukaryote
- life occurs in a single cell
- not in animals!!!
21
Q
cellular level of organization
A
- aggregation of cells that have diff functions
- choanoflagellates
- adhesion between cells
22
Q
cell tissue level of organization
A
- Metazoans(Animals!)
- specific cells work together to have specific functions
- porifera, placozoa
23
Q
tissue level of organization
A
true tissue secretes an extracellular matrix(basement membrane)
-highly coordinated unit (ex nerve net in cnidarians)
24
Q
organ and organ system level of organization
A
-tissues work together to form organ with specialized function
-organ systems of organs that work together
(most complex, ex: digestive system, circa system)
25
animal symmetry: asymmetry
no plane that can be divided
26
animal symmetry: radial
similar halves: pizza
27
animal symmetry: biradial
only one or two plane will be equal
28
animal symmetry: bilateral
- mirrored left and right halves when cut on a sagittal plane(Anterior and posterior; dorsal and ventral)
- secondarily lost in some groups
- Cephalization??
29
to have true body cavities you need to be:
Triploblastic
30
Body cavity and development: triploblastic
three embryonic germ layers
- Endoderms
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
31
body cavity and development: diploblastic
endoderm and ectoderm only!! (cnidarians and ctenophores are diplo)
32
triploblast body cavities equal
guts
33
Palaeozoic
Cambian, ordovician, silurian, Devonian, carboniferous, permian,
34
mesozoic
triassic, jurassic, cretaceous,
35
Acoelomate
- mesoderm completely fills blastocoel
- gut tube
- gastrotrich body
36
pseudocoelomate
- mesoderm lines outer edge of blastocoel
| - nematode body
37
eucoelomate
- true gut
- coelomic cavity forms inside mesoderm
- has mesentery
38
mesentery
-mesodermal connections of the gut with the ectoderm
39
embryonic development lophotrochozoan protostome
-spiral cleavage
-mosaic embryo
blastopore becomes mouth, anus forms secondarily
-coelom forms by splitting
40
deuterostome
radial cleavage
- blastopore becomes anus, mouth forms secondarily
- coelom forms by out pocketing.
41
True segmentation(metamerism)( who has this?
Annelids, Arthropods and chordates
42
Basal splits of animal groups
- porifera
- placozoa
- cnidaria
- ctenophora
- bilateria
43
Bilateral groups
- protostomia
| - deuterostome
44
protostome groups
1. lophotrochozoa(squid)
| 1. ecdysozoa(beetle, worm)
45
deuterostomi groups
monkey, starfish
46
phylum Porifera
- sponges
- pore bearing
- sessile filter feeders
- use flagellated "collar cells" (choanocytes) to move water
- 5-8 thousand sponges
- mostly marine
- aquiferous system
47
choanocytes
cells sponges use to move water "collar cells'"
- flagellated
- also trapes food
48
aquiferous system
sponges are efficient aquatic filter
49
Asconoid
- Canal system in sponge
- choanocyte-lined spongocoel
- ONLY IN CLAss CALCAREA
50
Syconoid
- canal system in sponge
- choanocyte-lined canals
- only see in class calcarea
51
leuconoid
- canal system In sponge
- choanocyte-lined chambers
- inrease in size
- no spongocoel
- seen in all classes
52
defining sponge characteristics
- choanocytes(water currents and feeding)
| - archaeocytes(totipotent amoeboid cells in mesohyl)
53
archaeocytes
-topipotent amoeboid cells in mesohyl
-can become cells that:
phagocytosis(feeding),
make spicules,
make spongin,
make collagen,
or are used for reproduction!
54
sponge "skeletons"
-collagen fibers in all sponges(in some sponges called spongin)
-siliceous spicules(silica)
-taxonomic fingerprint
deter predators
55
taxonomy of phylum Porifera
- class calcarea
- class homoscleromorpha
- class hexactinellida
- class demospongiae
56
phylum Porifera, class calcarea
- calcareous sponges(spicules)
- only class with all three canal systems
- usually small
57
phylum Porifera, class homoscleromorpha
- used to be within demospongiae
- spicules not distinc(same form)
- cellular distictions (pinacoderm not the same as epithelium)
58
phylum Porifera, class hexactinellida
- 6-rayed silica spicules(glass lattice)
- syncytial body
- mostly deep sea
59
phylum Porifera, class demospongiae
- 80% of all sponges
- contains the only fresh water sponges
- all leuconoid!
- comercial bath sponge
60
Porifera feeding
-intracellular digestion(phagocytosis)
61
carnivorous sponges
Harp sponge(demospongiae)
- no choanocytes
- microscopic hooks snare food
62
sponges reproduction
sexual and asexual
63
sexual sponge reproduction
sperm from choanocytes released into water and taken in by another sponge(oocytes from archaocytes)
64
oocytes
something to do with reproduction in sponges
| -made from archaocytes
65
asexual sponge reproduction
budding or fragmentation
66
Porifera AND placozoa
| tissue, symmetry. body cavity, development, segmentation
tissue: cell-tissue
symmetry: asymmetrical
body cavity: no body cavity
development: no germ layers
segmentation: no
67
phylum placozoa
flat animal
68
big split in the metazoans
diploblastic radiate animals: cnidaria and ctenophora
69
phylum cnidaria
~10 000 species
- mostly marine
- 5 main classes
- main body forms(polyp or medusa)
- unique stinging cells(cnidocytes)
- jelly layer called mesoglea
- blind ended gut with tentacles around mouth
- asexual and sexual reproduction
70
cnidocytes
stinging cells in phylum cnidaria and maybe phylum ctenophore
71
mesoglea
jelly layer of cnidarian
72
first tissue grade of organization
phylum cnidaria and phylum ctenophora
| - ensemble of cells that carry out a specific function
73
cell tissue grade of organization
phylum Porifera and phylum placozoa
| -ensemble of cells that are functionally different
74
cnidarians next steps
radial symmetry and diploblastic tissue
75
porifera blastula does what?
becomes the sponge
76
cnidaria blastula does what?
has gastrula and makes medusa body
77
symmetry in phylum cnidarians
radial, oral(mouth end) and aboral
| -sense from all sides, good for sessile free floating animals
78
three layers of diploblast cnidarians
endoderm: gastrodermis
ectoderm: epidermis
mesoglea: jelly not cellular
79
dimorphic bodies of cnidarians
```
polyp= normally sessile anemone form can be solitary or colonial
medusa= swimming jelly fish
```
80
polymorphism
- seen in polyps
- in one animal
- hydrozoans
81
zooids
- seen in polymorphism polyps
- gastozooids(food)
- gonozooids(reproduction)
- dactylozooids(protection)
82
reproduction in cnidarians
```
alternate between asexual polyp and
sexual medusa
-polyp asexually makes medusa
-medusa sexually(meiosis) makes games
-gamtetes fuse to planula larva
-planula settles to make new polyp
```
83
planula larva
sexual medusa gametes fuse to this to make new polyp
84
cnidarian ability to move
- epitheliomuscular cells
| - nerve nets
85
cnidocyte how it works
cnidae= capsule within the cells (nematocyst has the toxins)
- cnidocil= hair like trigger
- rapid hydrostatic pressure release after trigger
- one time only
86
cnidocil
hair like trigger which causes great hydrostatic pressure increase
87
cnidae
capsule within cnidocyte
88
nematocyst
type of cnidae with toxins and spines
89
phylum cnidaria, class anthozoa
polyps only
6000+ species
anemones and corals
tubular bodys and pharynx, large gastrovascular cavity
90
phylum cnidaria, class anthozoa, subclass hexacorallia
- 6 axis of symmetry
- anemones
- stony/true hard corals
91
phylum cnidaria, class anthozoa, subclass octocorallia
- 8part symmetry
- soft corals, sea pansies, pens,fans
- gorgonian corals(proteinaceous,fleshy, calcareous spicules only in mesogea)
92
mutualism with anemones
- protect crabs
| - mucus on fish skin
93
phylum cnidaria, class Hydrozoa
disparate group,
- includes only fresh water cnidarians
- no medusa in fresh water (can bud off new hydra induviduals)
- most are colonial ansexhibit polymorphism
94
phylum cnidarian class scyphozoa
true jellies!!
- dioecious(separate sets)
- Large oral lobes extending fro mouth
95
dioecious
separate sexes
96
common ns jellies
class scyphozoa
97
strobilation and reproduction 3 steps
1. scyphistoma
2. strobila
3. ephyra(baby jelly)
98
phylum cniadaria, class cubozoa
square jellies, tentacles at the corners
| -rhopalia(eyes)
99
rhopalia
eyes in class cubozoa
100
chironex fleckeri
sea wasp, fatal
101
Phylum ctenophore
comb jellies-
- 8 ctenes=comb rows=cilia
- biradial symmetry
- colloblast cells
102
ctenes
swim mouth forward
| -waves of beating cilia (ctenes)
103
colloblast
adhesive cells on tentacles
104
colour on ctenophores
lights refraction luminescence
105
cnidaria:
| organization, symmetry, body cavity, development, segmentation
tissue, radial, no body cavity, diploblast, no
106
ctenophora: organization, symmetry, body cavity, development, segmentation
tissue, biracial, no body cavity, diploblast, no
107
active direction of movement
bilateria!!
108
to be bilateral you are also
a triploblast!!
109
triploblast germ layers
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
110
body cavities for triploblasts
- acoelomate
- pseudocoelomate
- eucoelomate
111
whats good bilaterian?
-Cephalization- leads to moving in one direction
112
cephalizatoion
- forwrd movement gives anterior and posterior
- developemnt of sense organs at the anterior end to sense environment head first
- mouth in head region
113
ex of early sensory systems
eye spots on planaria
114
early bilaterianns
the acoelomate (Xena)acoelomarpha and Platyhelminthes
115
acoelomorphs
- marine
- 2mm
- statocyst for orientation
- no anus and no "GUT", a syncretic digestive vacuole
116
phylum Platyhelminthes
most parasitic
- most no anus
- most hemaphrodites
- flame cells(excretion and osmoregulation)
- acoelomate, bilateral, vermiform
117
flame cells
earliest excretory system, filters fluids from inside body
- remouves metabolic waste
- controles osmotic pressure (retains important ions)
- flame cells + tube cells = protonephridia
118
protonephridia
flame cells and tube
119
phylum platyminthes, class Turbellaria
marine, freshwater, damp terrestrial
| - swim glide with muscles , cilia, slime
120
key features of class turbellarians
1. skin and muscle
- cilliates epidermis
- epidermis contains rhabdites
- attacte and detach system = dual gland adhesive organs
2. feeding
- muscular pharynx in ventral of body
- simple or branched intestines
- extra ad intracellular digestion
- scavengers and predators
3. nervous system
- cephalizatoion
- nerve plexus N LATTER LIKE pattern, auricles, statocysts, rheoreceptors and ocelli
4. reproduction
121
auricles
ear like lobes with chemoreceptors and tactile cells
122
statocysts
for orientation(flatworms)
123
rheoreceptors
currents
124
ocelli
eye spots
125
reproduction in class turbellarians
asexual- fission; regeneration
| sexual- hermaphrodites, internal fertilization with copulation
126
key features o the parasitic classes
1. skin(tegument)
- syncytial non-ciliated epidermis
- unites the parasitic group into neodermata
2. digestive system
- lacking in some groups (absorption)
3. nervous system
- minimal cephalization
4. reproduction
- diff amount the classes
127
phylum platyminthes parasitic classes
```
class Trematoda (flukes)
class monogenea(in fish)
class Cestoda (tape worms)
```
128
phylum platyminthes, class Trematoda
parasitic fluke
- enzymes, hooks, penetration, cyst form
- complex life cycles
129
class trematoda, subclass digeanea
two hosts
130
definitive host
final host(sexual)
131
intermediate host
first host, amplification(asexual)
| -eggs hatch here
132
common digenean flukes
1. liver flukes
- undercooked raw fish
2. blood flukes
- directly enters skin and enters blood vessels and intestines
- swimmers itch
133
phylum platymintes class monogenean
one host
-on skin/gills of fish
-attaches by the opisthaptor
simple life cycle(eggs -ciliated larvae- adult)
134
opisthaptor
hooky attachment that class monogenean uses to hook onto fish skin
135
phylum platyminthes, class Cestoda
```
long flat bodies
-attach to host by their scolex
-proglottis= reproductive system
no digestive system
-microtriches= microvilli
```
136
reproductive factories of the class Cestoda
main body =strobila
not true segmentation
youngest at head, mature(gravid) at posterior
-fertilization from same or different strobilus
-eggs out of uterine pore
137
humans get infected by tape worm how?
eating raw meat that contains cysts
138
phylum platyminthes organization, symmetry, body cavity, development, segmentation
organ, bilateral, acoelomate, triploblast(protostome -lophotrochozoa), no segmentation
139
phylum xenacoelomorpha levels of organization act,
organ level, bilateral, acoelomate, triploblast- basal , no segmentation
140
coelom
filled with fluid and serves as hydrostatic skeleton
141
locomotion
segments and coelom
142
longitude muscle
shorten and expand
143
circular muscle
narrow and long
144
peristalsis
waves of contraction , allows burrowing
145
phylum annelida
ringed worm
-closed circulatory system
centralized nervous system
