PHYLUMS Flashcards
kingdoms of eukarya
- Prtista
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Animalia
what does polyphyletic mean
no common ancestor, but have shared characteristics
what defines protista
single celled eukaryotes
- heterotrophic
- damp environments
define monophyletic
- shared characteristics and ancesors
define paraphyletic
- shared characterisitics, some shared ancestory
What are the phylums and subphylums of protista
1) phylum Sarcomastigophora
- subphylum mastigophara
- subphylum sarcodina
2) phylum ciliphora
3) phylum Apicomplexa
Subphylum mastigophora characterisitics (flagellates)
- flagella
- asexual/binary fssion
- direct or indirect transmission
- ALL parasitic
- direct life cycle and host specific
- GI tract, Blood, Tissues
- trophozoite cysts
- e.g. leishmania (causes leishmaniasis)
Subphylum Sarcodina (amoebas)
- Pseudopodia (movement)
- asexual
- direct lifestyle and transmission
- trophozoite and cyst form
- may be pathogenic
- food vacuole
- nucleus
(weird shaped cell) - GI tract, Tissue/organs
- ameboid cyst
phylum ciliophora (ciliates)
- cilia (movement)
- 2 or more nuclei
- asexual and sexual (conjugation - join and xchange DNA)
- not many parasitic
- mutualistic
- direct lifestyle and transmission
- host specific
e.g. Balantidum coli -> feaces of pigs, - GI tract, tissues
- trophozoite cyst
Phylum Apicomplexa
- no obvious means of locomotion
- apical complex
- comples life-cycles
- asexual and sexual
- ALL parasitic
- produce spores
- intercellular
e.g plasmodium (malaria) - GI tract, blood, tissue
- Trophozoite, oocyst
what is an apical complex
an organelle that allows penetration into host
what is the theory of origins of metazoa
- evo limited by size and habitat (moisture)
- bodies of many cells allowed larger sizes
define tissue, organ, organ system
tissue = groups of specialised cells that perform specific tasks
organs = groups of tissue
organ system = groups of organs with related functions
phylums within animalia
- porifera
- cnidaria
- platyheminthes
- nematoda
- mollusca
- annelida
- arthropoda
- echodermata
- chordata
phylum profera
- no true tissues
- cells almost independent
- filter feeder
- sessile (stationary)
- sexual (spawning) and asexual (budding)
sponge body plans
tube like body wall of 3 layers
1. flattened cells = pinacocytes
2. mesophyl = gelatinous matrix
3. inner layer of flattened choanocytes
how do sponges respire
water sucked in through ostia and back out through osculum via diffusion
how do sponges eat
- choanocytes have flagella that beat to move water in current
- archaeocytes capture particles and digest
Phylum Cnidaria
- radially symmetrical
- true tissues
- diploblastic
- two body plans (polyp and medusa)
-nematocysts - asexual and sexual
how do cnidarias eat
food absorbed through gastrodem layer by diffusion (inner layer of cells), undigested food expelled via mouth
phylum Platyhelminhes
- true tissues and organs
- bilaterally symmetrical
- triploblastic
- indirect or direct lifecycles
- sexual or asexual (hermaphrodite and larvae are asexual stage)
- many parasitic
- e.g. tapeworms
- eyespots
phylum nemathelminthes (nematoda/roundworms)
- unsegmented
- triploblastic
- pseudocoelomate
- outer cuticle
- no organs
- sexual only (separate sexes)
- free-living or parasitic
- complex life cycle (inidrect and direct)
life cycle of nematoda
Egg
L1 first larval stage
- ecdysis moult
L2 second
- moult
L3 third (m)
L4 Foruth (m)
Adults
Phylum Mollusca
- unsegmented
- triploblastic
- true coelom
- definite head
- muscular foot
- protective mantle - shell
- organ systems
- mouth
- radulla
