Phyogenes

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

Evolutionary history of a species or group

Question 2

Binomial naming conventions

Answer 2

Genus + specific epithet

Question 3

Order of Linnean system

Answer 3

Family-> orders-> classes-> phyla -> kingdoms -> domans

Question 4

Taxon

Answer 4

Named group at any level
Panthera- taxon at genus level
Mammilia- taxon at class level

Question 5

Placement of species does not reflect evolutionary history

Answer 5

True
Snails dont exhibit the same morphological differences

Question 6

Issues with Phylogenetic trees and Linnean systems

Answer 6

Linnean systems do not tell us anything about how the groups are related to eachother. If classes are assorted evolutionarily things change: Birds become a subspecies of reptiles

Question 7

Phylogenetic Tree- branch point

Answer 7

Common ancestor

Question 8

Evolutionary lineage

Answer 8

Sequence of ancestral organisms that lead to a particular descendant

Question 9

Sister taxa

Answer 9

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor not shared by any other group
Ex. Chimps and Humans

Question 10

Phylogenetic tree- root

Answer 10

Most recent common ancestor of all taxa in branches

Question 11

Basal taxon

Answer 11

Lineage that divergent early on

Question 12

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 12

Hypothesis of how organisms are related to one another

Question 13

Issues with phylogenetic trees

Answer 13

-Intended to show patterns of decent and not phenotypic similarity
(Crocodiles related more to birds than lizards)
-Cant infer ages of taxa or branch points
-Cant assume taxon evolved from the taxon next to it:
Lineages of chimps and humans did not involve from each other they evolved from an ancestor that was not chimp or human

Question 14

Homology

Answer 14

Phenotypic and genetic similarities die to shared ancestry

Question 15

Analogy

Answer 15

Similarities between organisms due to convergent evolution
(Similar environmental pressures = similar adaptations)

Question 16

Cladistics

Answer 16

Common ancestry is the criterion used to classify organisms (they are grouped into clades)

Question 17

Monophyletic

Answer 17

Taxon = Clade
Ancestral species + all descendants

Question 18

Paraphyletic

Answer 18

Ancestral species + some descendants
Includes common ancestor

Question 19

Polyphyletic

Answer 19

Includes distantly related species but NOT common ancestor

Question 20

Shared ancestral character

Answer 20

Originated in ancestor of taxon

Question 21

Shared derived character

Answer 21

Shared by taxon but not in ancestor (could be the loss of something too)

Question 22

Maximum parsimony

Answer 22

Simplest explanation thats consistent with facts

Question 23

Phylogenetic bracketing

Answer 23

Predictions that unknown (past/present) organisms will have certain features based on organisms of the present

Question 24

DNA & evolution

Answer 24

DNA –> rNA is slow
Good for investigating relationships between taxa from far past

Question 25

Mitochondrial DNA & evolution

Answer 25

Chages quickly used to explore recent events

Question 26

Orthologous genes

Answer 26

Honology between organisms occurs due to speciation (Occurs in genes of different species) Diverge only after speciation happens (diff gene pools)

Question 27

Paralogous genes

Answer 27

Homology results from gene duplication, multiple copies diverge within a species Can diverge within a species

Question 28

Molecular clock

Answer 28

Measuring absolute time of evolutionary change (Based on the length of time it takes for some genes to evolve) Assumption: Number of nucleotide subs in orthologous genes is prop to time elapsed since last common ancestor (or since ancestral gene was duplicated-paralogus)

Question 29

Problems with molecular clocks

Answer 29

Natural selection putting pressure on genes

Question 30

2 -> 3 domain shift

Answer 30

Bacteria-prokaryotes Archea-diverse prokaryotic Eukarya-organisms w true nucleic Shows the overwhelming about of life that is single celled No more monera or protista New classification spread organisms of those allboverb

Question 31

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 31

Movements of genes between organisms of different domains -through transposable elements, viral infection (Why trees built using different genes five inconsistent results) Prokaryote-Eukarypte not off the table

Question 32

Reinforcement

Answer 32

Where natural selection increases reproductive isolation

Question 33

Genetic in Speciation

Answer 33

Reproductive isolation Flowers pollinated by bees Flowers pollinated by hummingbirds Cross Hybrid! Pollinated by both More than 1 gene