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Phys 1 Flashcards

1
Q

7 functions of the GI tract

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion
  5. Hormone secretion
  6. Absorption
  7. Elimination
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2
Q

Layers of teh GI tract

A
  1. mucosa (interior along lumen)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa (exterior)
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3
Q

Two muscularis layers

A
  • longitudinal muscle
  • circular muscle
  • allow for lots of “squishing” along alimentary canal
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4
Q

Three major oral cavity salivary glands

A
  1. parotid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual
    - also have buccal glands distributed through cheek
    - all produce saliva
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5
Q

Saliva

  • fn
  • enzyme
A
  • clean and moisten oral cavity
  • moisten food for compaction into bolus
  • allow for taste
  • amylase
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6
Q

salivary amylase

A

carbohydrate breakdown

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7
Q

Salivary gland cells (2)

A
  1. serous cells: watery secretions with ions and enzymes

2. mucous cells: secretion of mucin

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8
Q

Mucin def

A

glycoprotein that bind water, creating mucus

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9
Q

Two triggers for salivation

A
  1. chemoreceptors

2. pressure receptors

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10
Q

Salivation neural activity

A
  • impulse to salivary nucleus of medulla

- Motor impulse to tongue and salivary gland via facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve

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11
Q

Esophagus

- describe

A
  • muscular tube
  • collapsed
  • pierces diaphragm
  • joins stomach via the gastroesophageal sphincter
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12
Q

Mucosa

  • cell type
  • glands
  • other features
A
  • stratified squamous
  • esophageal glands - release mucus
  • rugae - allow for expansion when swallow bolus
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13
Q

Muscularis composition

A
  • proximal 1/3 skeletal (intentional control)
  • middle 1/3 mixed skeletal and smooth
  • distal 1/3 smooth (autonomic control)
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14
Q

Regions of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus (antrum)
  • pyloric sphincter
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15
Q

Muscular layers of stomach

A
  • circular
  • longitudinal
  • oblique (not seen in other areas of GI tract)
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16
Q

Stomach mucosa

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • surface mucous cells
  • gastric pits (lead to glands)
  • gastric glands
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17
Q

Stomach gastric glands (5)

A
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Parietal cells
  • Chief cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • ECL cells
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18
Q

Mucous neck cells

A
  • stomach gastric gland
  • stem cell population
  • in epithelium
  • form the neck of the pit
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19
Q

Parietal cells

A
  • stomach gastric gland
  • enhanced production by histamine and gastrin
  • produce HCl (aka gastric acid)
  • Intrinsic factor production (B12 absorption requirement)
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20
Q

Chief cells

A
  • stomach gastric gland

- produce pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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21
Q

Pepsinogen

A
  • produced by chief cells
  • converted to pepsin in low pH
  • proteinase
22
Q

Gastric lipase

A
  • produced by chief cell

- lipolysis

23
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A
  • stomach gastric gland
  • release hormones
  • hormone released is specific to cell type and location
24
Q

Stomach specific enteroendocrine cell

25
G cells
- stomach enteroendocrine cell | - produce gastrin
26
Gastrin
- produced by G cells in stomach - released stimulated by peptides and aa in stomach - Increases gastric acid (HCl) production by parietal cells - stimulates contractions in the intestine (move out what is there, prepare for new food)
27
ECL cells
- stomach gastric gland - enterochromaffin-like cell - stimulated by gastrin - release histamine - Stimulate HCl secretion via parietal cell
28
Histamine - what cell does it affect in GI tract - how
- parietal cells: release HCl | - H2 receptor on parietal cell
29
Three phases of gastric regulation
1. Cephalic 2. Gastric 3. Intestinal
30
Cephalic phase of gastric regulation
- sight, smell, thought - receptor activity goes to hypothalmus - output from medulla vagal nuclei (vagus nerve) - stimulates gastric gland secretions (mucus, HCl, enzymes, gastrin, histamine)
31
Gastric phase of gastric regulation
- food enters stomach - distention causes secretory activity (myenteric and vagal reflex) - gastrin and histamine increase HCl
32
Intestinal phase of gastric regulation
- begins when stomach drips chyme into duodenum - intestinal secretions begin - gastric activity is inhibited (vagal feedback and hormones)
33
What hormones are secreted during the intestinal phase of gastric regulation that inhibit gastric activity?
- secretin | - GIP
34
Small intestine - what major part of digestion occurs here - two physical characteristics
- majority of absorption - plicae circulares - villi
35
Plicae circulares in small intestine
- circular folds of mucosa and submucosa - slow propulsion and increase mixing - increase SA for greater absorption
36
Villi in small intestine
- fingerlike mucosal projections, project off plicae circulares - columnar epithelium - contain lacteal and capillary network - increase SA
37
What anatomical feature is between the villi?
Intestinal crypts - contain intestinal glands - contain stem cells
38
Duodenal glands fn
- type of mucus gland in duodenum - secrete bicarb rich mucus into intestinal glands to neutralize acidic chyme - get duodenal ulcers if dysfunctional (HCl erodes tissue)
39
Microvilli
- plasma membrane projections from ea intestinal columnar cell - aka brush border
40
Three things that increase SA in intestine
- Plicae (line intestine) - villi (alone the plicae) - brush border (on each cell)
41
Cell types of small intestine (5)
1. Enterocytes 2. Goblet cells (mucous cells) 3. Paneth Cells 4. M Cells 5. Enteroendocrine cells
42
Enterocytes
- absorptive columnar cells - contain brush border (microvilli) - enzymes at brush border
43
Paneth cells
- located in crypts | - produce non specific defensive secretions/antimicrobials (defensins, lysozyme, phosopholipase)
44
M cells
- overlie lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches) in ileum | - endocytose antigens for transport to lymphoid cells
45
Peyer's patches
- lymph tissue in the intestine | - part of MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) which is found in GI, respiratory, and GU tracts
46
Stomach enteroendocrine cells
- microvilli have nutrient receptors and signal transduction systems - activation stimulates hormone release basally (CCK, GIP, Secretin)
47
What are the 3 enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine
- I cells (CCK) - K cells (GIP) - S cells (Secretin)
48
CCK
- From I Cells in intestine - release stimulated by aa and FA in small intestine - inhibits gastric secretions - stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes, stimulates gallbladder contraction
49
GIP
- From K cells in intestine | - gastric inhibitory peptide
50
Secretin
- from S cells in intestine - release stimulated by acidic pH in small intestine - stimulate pancreatic juice and bile production

GI 1 (16 decks)

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