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Physiology 3 Exam 2 > Phys 3 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Phys 3 Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The main function(s) of the system circulation

A

To deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the systemic tissues.
To remove carbon dioxide and other wast products from systemic tissues.

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2
Q

The systemic circulation serves as a ______ for transport of hormones and other substances and allows these substances to potential act at a distant site from their production.

A

conduit

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3
Q

Designed to carry blood under high pressure out to the tissue beds.

A

systemic arteries

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4
Q

Act as control valves to regulate local flow

A

Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

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5
Q

Exchange between tissue (cells) and blood and are one cell layer thick.

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

Collect blood from capillaries

A

Venules

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7
Q

Return blood to heart/dynamic storage

A

Systemic veins

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8
Q

Basic Theory of Circulatory Function: Blood flow is proportional to ___________.

A

metabolic demand

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9
Q

Basic Theory of Circulatory Function: Cardiac output is controlled by ____________.

A

local tissue flow

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10
Q

Basic Theory of Circulatory Function: Arterial pressure control is independent of ___________.

A

local flow or cardiac output.

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11
Q

Why is arterial pressure kept relatively constant?

A

It allows us to regulate flow.

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12
Q

Cardiac output is equal to __________.

A

Venous return

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13
Q

Components of Vessels

A

Endothelium
Elastic tissue
Smooth muscle
Fibrous tissue

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14
Q

One layer of this exists in all vessels

A

Endothelium

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15
Q

Relative composition of the aorta

A

Elastic Tissue > Fibrous Tissue > Smooth Muscle

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16
Q

Relative composition of a typical artery

A

Smooth Muscle > Elastic Tissue > Fibrous Tissue

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17
Q

Relative composition of a vein

A

Elastic tissue = Smooth Muscle = Fibrous Tissue

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18
Q

Relative composition of a capillary

A

Only Endothelium

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19
Q

Ohm’s Law

A 
V = IR
V= voltage
I = current flow
R = resistance
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20
Q

3 parts of hemodynamics

A
  1. Flow (F)
  2. Pressure Gradient (Change in Pressure)
  3. Resistance (R)
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21
Q

The volume of blood that passes a certain point per until time (i.e. ml/min)

A

Flow (F)

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22
Q

When the cross sectional area is increased what happens to the velocity?

A

decreases

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23
Q

Velocity * Cross Sectional Area = ___________

A

Flow

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24
Q

Change in Pressure/Resistance = ___________

A

Flow

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25
Flow is ______ proportional to change in pressure and _______ proportional to resistance (R)
directly, inversely
26
At a given flow, the velocity is ________ proportional to the tool cross sectional area.
inversely
27
Driving force of blood
pressure gradient
28
difference in pressure between two points
pressure gradient
29
pressure gradient is ____ to flow (F)
proportional
30
At a given flow the greater the drop in pressure in a segment of compartment the ________ the resistance to flow.
greater
31
The greatest resistance to flow occurs in the _________.
pre-capillary resistance vessels
32
Pre-capillary resistance vessels
arterioles, met-arterioles, pre-capillary sphincters
33
The systemic circulation is predominantly _______ circuit.
parallel
34
R Total = R1 + R2 + R3......
series circuit
35
R Total < smallest individual R
parallel circuit
36
Advantages of Parallel Circuitry
1. Independence of local flow control (increase/decrease flow to tissues independently) 2. Minimizes toal peripheral resistance (TPR) 3. Oxygen rich blood supply to every tissue
37
Internal friction of a fluid associated with the intermolecular attraction.
Viscosity
38
Blood is a suspension with of viscosity of ____.
3, most of viscosity due to red blood cells.
39
Plasma has a viscosity of _____.
1.5
40
Water is the standard with a viscosity of ____.
1
41
As velocity decreases viscosity _____ due to elements in blood sticking together.
increases
42
Cells can get stuck at constriction points momentarily which ____ apparent viscosity.
increases
43
Fibrinogen _____ flexibility of RBC's
increases
44
In small vessels cells line up which decreases viscosity and offsets the above to some degree. This is known as the __________ effect.
Fahaeus-Lindquist
45
% of packed cell volume
Hematocrit
46
Normal range of hematocrit is
38-45%
47
Streamline, Silent, Most Efficient, Normal
Laminar Flow
48
Cross mixing, vibrational noise, least efficient, frequently associated with vessel disease (bruit)
Turbulent Flow
49
Probability statement for turbulent flow. The greater the R#, the greater the probability for turbulence
Reynolds Number
50
If R# < 2000 flow is USUALLY ______.
laminar
51
If R# > 3000 flow is USUALLY ______.
turbulent
52
When using a doppler ultrasonic flow meter you see a broad band this is associated with which type of flow?
turbulent flow
53
When using a doppler ultrasonic flow meter you see a narrow band this is associated with which type of flow?
laminar flow
54
Doppler Ultrasonic Flow-meter
Ultrasound to determine velocity of flow
55
The gold standard for determining cardiac output
indicator dilution
56
The Fick Principal is used to determine
cardiac output
57
Venous occlusion plesthymography, doppler ultrasonic flowmeter, and vascular flow cuffs are used to determine.
vessel flow
58
What are the 3 ports when talking about the Fick Principal?
Input blood concentration of substance x Output blood concentration of substance x Addition/removal of substance x from tissue
59
Based on conservation of mass
indicator dilution
60
The ability of a vessel to stretch
Dispensability
61
The ability of a vessel to stretch and hold volume
Compliance
62
Change in Volume/Change Pressure * Initial Volume
Dispensability
63
As pressure increases the vessel is ____ distensible.
less
64
Change in Volume/Change in Pressure
Compliance
65
Distensibility * Initial Volume
Compliance
66
In systemic arteries a small change in volume is associated with a ________ change in pressure
large
67
In systemic veins a large change in volume is associated with a _______ change in pressure.
small
68
Veins are about _____x more distensible than systemic arteries
8
69
Veins are ____x more compliant that systemic arteries
24
70
Long term control of blood flow involves changes in ________.
tissue vascularity
71
Short term control of blood flow invokes
vasodilatation and vasoconstriction of pre-capillary resistance vessels
72
Arterioles are richly innervated by SNS _______ fibers and have ______ receptors
vasoconstrictor, alpha
73
Involves vasoconstriction/vasodilatation of pre-capillary resistance vessels
short term local control of flow
74
Active tissue release local vasodilator (metabolites) which relax vascular smooth muscle
local vasodilator theory
75
As tissue uses up oxygen, vascular smooth muscle can't maintain constriction
oxygen demand theory
76
Adenosine, carbon dioxide, adenosine phosphate compounds, histamine, potassium ions, hydrogen ions, PGE & PGI series prostaglandins are all examples of _________.
local vasodilators
77
The ability to keep blood flow constant in the face of a changing arterial blood pressure
auto regulation
78
T/F Most tissue show some degree of auto regulation
true
79
INt he kidney both renal flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are ___________.
auto regulated
80
Shear stress caused by enhanced blood flow velocity associated with partial occlusion
arteriogenesis
81
Small peptides-stimulate growth of new vessels
Angiogenic factors
82
Stress activated endothelium up-regulates expression of _________.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
83
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor
84
Hypoxia cause the release of
VEGF
85
Production of VEGF is partly mediated by ________ in response to hypoxia
adenosine
86
Stimulates capillary proliferation and may also be invalid in development of collateral arterial vessels
VEGF
87
Neuropeptide Y from SNS is
angiogenic
88
Hyperactive SNS may compromise collateral blood flow by
vasoconstriction
89
Mesenchymal cell differentiate into endothelial cells
vasculogenesis
90
formation of new blood vessels by sprouting from pre existing small vessels (usually lacking developed tunica media)
angiogenesis
91
rapid proliferation of pre existing collateral vessels with fully developed tunica media
arteriogenesis
92
Mechanical Angiogenesis triggers
Hemodynamic, Shear stress
93
Chemical Angiogenesis triggers
Hypoxia, NO
94
Molecular angiogenesis triggers
inflammation, decreased glucose --> increased vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenic growth factors
95
Angiogenic growth factors
fibroblast growth factor, VEGF, Placenta growth factor, angiopoietin

Physiology 3 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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