PHYS 5 The adrenal gland

Question 1

what does each zone secrete?

Answer 1

Question 2

Axes with adrenal gland is?

under what control? via?

Answer 2

Question 3

cortisol secretion

stimulated by?

what type of feedback does cortisol do?

effects what tissues? effect on each?

Answer 3

Question 4

circadian rhythm of cortisol

when is it high? low?

Answer 4

Question 5

exogenous glucocorticoids have what feedback?

exogenous administration can cause what to happen?

ex of synthetic glucocorticoids?

Answer 5

Question 6

regulation of aldosterone secretion

secretion caused by what pathways?

stims what part of adrenal cortex?

Answer 6

Question 7

Symptoms and signs of Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 7

Question 8

tests for cushing syndrome/disease?

L- tells what? doesn’t tell?

H- tells us what?

Answer 8

Question 9

consequences of glucocorticoid excess

Answer 9

Question 10

HPA axes for 3 different tumors what happens to the hormones at each level?

1 with exogenous glucocorticoid administration

Answer 10

Question 11

etiologies of Cushing’s syndrome

(4 main types)

Answer 11

Question 12

High-dose dexamethasone suppression test

tells us what? why?

Answer 12

Question 13

Plasma ACTH concentration in patients with Cushing’s syndrome

CD- level?

AT- level?

EA- level?

Answer 13

Question 14

primary action of aldosterone is?

aldosterone gets receptor where?

after binding what happens?

this allows what to happen?

existing pumps?

result is?

Answer 14

Question 15

ACTH

produced where?

derived from?

type of hormone?

ACTH can then be broken down into?

Answer 15

Question 16

what may you see in Addison’s disease?

Answer 16

perhaps due to melanin from ACTH

Question 17

use what test to detect adrenal gland insufficiency?

how would you do this?

what are the possibilities?

Answer 17

Question 18

normal HPA axes release?

Answer 18

Question 19

1st degree adrenal insufficiency

HPA axes?

what is wrong?

Answer 19

Question 20

2nd or 3rd degree adrenal insufficiency

HPA axes?

effect?

Answer 20

Question 21

causes of 1st-degree adrenal insufficiency

(______ disease)

(4)

what can cause two of these causes to happen?

Answer 21

Question 22

treatment of adrenal insufficiency

usually treated by?

in 2nd degree?

Answer 22

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

aldosterone pathologies

Hyper- types? name of a syndrome?

Hypo- causes? (3)

Answer 24

Question 25

pathologies related to aldosterone Chronic adrenal insufficiency? what is it? diagnosed by? symptoms? treatment? excess secretion of aldosterone? 2 types? treatments? blood level of things in both?

Answer 25

Question 26

use what to detect primary hyperaldosteronism what two symptoms will make us investigate down flowchart?

Answer 26

Question 27

pathways for synthesis of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex

Answer 27

Question 28

all congenital adrenal enzyme deficiencies are characterized by? due to?

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

rare but extremely dangerous cause of hypertension?

Answer 30

Question 31

Pheochromocytoma most are? some are? what is released? causes?

Answer 31

Question 32

adrenal medulla produces mainly? E- responds to? such as? influences?

Answer 32

Question 33

synthesis of catecholamines is under control of? what stimulates what? release triggered by?

Answer 33

Question 34

norepinephrine and epinephrine are synthesized where?

Answer 34

Question 35

NE and E are synthesized in different cellular compartments rate-limiting step? NE made where? E made where?

Answer 35

Question 36

degradation of catecholamines how long do they last before? what enzymes? what products? what is peed out? what measured shows total catecholamine production pheochromocytoma confirmed by?

Answer 36

Question 37

contributions of a pheochromocytoma in relation to sypathetic nerves and other tissues to the production of circulating catecholamines and catecholamine metabolites

Answer 37

Question 38

catecholamine receptors what receptors respond better to NE? both the same? E more?

Answer 38

Question 39

Physiological actions of NE and E

Answer 39

Question 40

stress response and the HPA axis short-term long-term

Answer 40