Phys and patho trigger

Question 1

what induces the surge of LH to release oocytes

Answer 1

estrogen

Question 2

which hormone thickens the vaginal wall and increases vaginal lubrication

Answer 2

estrogen

Question 3

this hormone is responsible for proliferation of the endometrium. it also reduces acne and increases libido

Answer 3

estrogen

Question 4

what causes menses and lactation

Answer 4

the fall of progesterone

Question 5

which hormone is involved in WBC production and embryo developement

Answer 5

activins

activins also stimulate FSH production

Question 6

which hormone inhibits activin

Answer 6

follistatins (therefore they also inhibit FSH)

Question 7

how does lactation affect the HPO axis

Answer 7

lactation increases dopamine and alters release of GnRH

Question 8

what is the first event of puberty?

Answer 8

thelarche (breast developement, duct growth, lobule and alveoli growth)

Question 9

dries like a fern-ike pattern on a slide

Answer 9

cervix during high estrogen times

Question 10

which hormone increases ciliary beat

Answer 10

estrogen

(progesterone decreases ciliary beat

Question 11

which hormone antagonizes insulin effects on glucose metabolism in the muscles

Answer 11

progesterone
(also reduces spasms, relaxes smooth muscle)

Question 12

which hormone improves skeletal contractility

Answer 12

estrogen

Question 13

which hormone enhances sodium/water retention

Answer 13

estrogen

(progesterone causes sodium/water excretion)

Question 14

How does pregnancy affect the PMI

Answer 14

upward and lateral shift of PMI

Question 15

what supplement is reccomended for vegetarians or women with history of megaloblastic anemia

Answer 15

vitamin B12

Question 16

what substances cross the placenta easily, give examples of these

Answer 16

albumin bound substances such as warfarin or salicylates

Question 17

what portion of the blastocyte becomes the placenta

Answer 17

outer cell group

(inner cell group becomes endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm)

Question 18

what causes vascularization of the endometrium and developement of the uterine glands

Answer 18

estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum

Question 19

what causes spasms/ischemia of the endometrium and eventually leads to hemorrhage as the breakdown of endometrium occurs

Answer 19

the regression of the corpus luteum and decreasing estrogen and progesterone levels

Question 20

what part of the inner embryo forms the nervous system

Answer 20

ectoderm

also forms skin, teeth, outer epithelium

Question 21

what part of the inner embryo forms connective tissue and muscle and bones

Answer 21

mesoderm

remember this includes pericardium, peritoneum and pleura

Question 22

when does the heart begin to beat in an embryo

Answer 22

weeks 6-7

Question 23

when do limb buds begin to form? what else forms during this time?

Answer 23

weeks 6-7

also:
heart beat
ears,eyes, bones

Question 24

when do lungs begin to form

Answer 24

week 8

remember by week 9 all essential organs have begun to form

Question 25

when is a heart beat able to be heard by a doppler US

Answer 25

week 10

Question 26

when does urine production and RBC production begin

Answer 26

weeks 11-14 also: ossification of bone centers occur at this time

Question 27

when does lanugo and meconium begin to form? what else occurs during this time?

Answer 27

weeks 15-18 also: movement and fat accumulation begins. although REMEMBER fetal movements arent usually felt by mother until week 19

Question 28

when does a fetus begin hearing

Answer 28

week 19 also when you start to feel lil baby move

Question 29

when should alveoli formation occur? what else occurs during this time?

Answer 29

by week 26 hand/startle reflex occurs

Question 30

when is surfactant produced

Answer 30

week 27-30

Question 31

what is the term describing initial formation of gonads but later degeneration

Answer 31

agonadism

Question 32

In what phase of the cycle is inhibin B secreted

Answer 32

Follicular phase. the increase in FSH stimulates inhibin B release which then dereases FSH as a negative feedback loop

Question 33

what triggers ovulation

Answer 33

LH surge (follicle releases estrogen which causes a surge of GnRH and then LH)

Question 34

in what phase of the cycle does mittelschermz occur

Answer 34

around day 14 during ovulation occurs d/t follicular rupture and hemorrhage

Question 35

in what phase of the cycle does the corpus albicans form

Answer 35

luteal phase right before menstruation menstruation occurs right after this because the coprus albicans is no longer creating progesterone

Question 36

in what phase of the cycle does the endometrium become vascularized

Answer 36

post ovulatory during the secretory phase (remember in the proliferative phase, the uterine glands lengthen but dont secrete anything and the endometrium is not yet vascularized)

Question 37

which hormone alkalizes the mucus in the cervix?

Answer 37

estrogen! thins and alkalizes mucus in cervix to enhance sperm survival

Question 38

describe the effect that pregnancy has on platelet count and platelet production

Answer 38

increased production, but also increased consumption. leading to an overall decrease in platelets.

Question 39

what is the term for a vaginal cavity that is fibrous and closed

Answer 39

vaginal atresia