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1st Trimester > Phys Exam 2 > Flashcards

Phys Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Skeletal muscle

A

a. Provides structure, support, and protection
b. Essential for locomotion and movement
c. Site of blood cell formation
d. Storehouse for some inorganic minerals, especially calcium
e. Indicator of sex, age, height, weight, racial background, and sometimes medical history

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2
Q

Long bones

A

a. Longer than wide, cylindrical with a medullary cavity
b. Main components of limbs
- Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges)

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3
Q

Short bones

A

a. Roughly cubical (carpals and tarsals)

b. Found where mobility is needed, but space is limited

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4
Q

Flat bones

A

a. Relatively thin bones (very thin on the inside)
b. Provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment and/or protection of underlying organs
- Ribs, frontal, parietal, innominate, scapula
c. Main site of blood cell formation in adults

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5
Q

Irregular bones

A

a. Irregular shape with numerous projections

- Vertebrae, some bones of the skull (sphenoid, ethmoid, scapula)

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6
Q

Pneumatic bones

A

a. Containing sizable air spaces; only found in some bones of the skull (e.g. frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal (mastoid process))
b. Reduces weight of the skull, thus reducing the need for large neck muscles

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7
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

a. Small round bones embedded within a tendon (e.g., patella and sesamoids of the hands and feet)
b. Alter the angle of a muscle attachment to increase mechanical leverage
- Facilitates easier movement of the knee

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8
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and rib cage

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9
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs and their attachment onto the axial skeleton (i.e. pectoral and pelvic girdles (excluding the sacrum))

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10
Q

Cranial skeleton

A

Bones of the skull

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11
Q

Post-cranial skeleton

A

Bones of the vertebral column, hyoid, rib cage, limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the bone tissue matrix?

A
  1. Fibers

2. Ground substance

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13
Q

Fibers of Bone tissue

A

-Primarily made up of type I collagen fibers, which provide strength to resist tensile forces

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14
Q

What are the two parts of the ground substance in bone tissue?

A
  • Organic Component

- Inorganic component

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15
Q

Organic component of ground substance of bone tissue

A

-Composed of proteogylcans (chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid) and Glycoproteins (especially osteonectin and osteocalcin)

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16
Q

Inorganic component of ground substance of bone tissue

A

-Hydroxyapatite, a calcium mineral composite, which provides strength to resist compressive forces (not very good at twisting resistance)

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17
Q

What are the types of bone cells?

A

a. Osteoprogenitor cells
b. Osteoblasts
c. Osteocytes
d. Osteoclasts

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18
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A
  • Give rise to osteoblasts

- Located within the central and perforating canals of osteons and within the periosteum (cellular layer) and endosteum

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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Lay down the new bone tissue
  • -Located within the central and perforating canals of osteons and within the periosteum (cellular layer) and endosteum
  • –Originate from osteoprogenitor cells
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20
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Former osteoblasts, located within the lacunae of the osteons of compact bone and bony struts of spongy bone
  • -Maintain surrounding bone tissue and regulate mineral content
  • –Never make brain tissue
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21
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Bone destroying cells
  • -Cells are large and multinucleated, originating from the fusion of several monocytes
  • –Located wherever they are needed
  • —Have different origins and functions
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22
Q

Primary bone tissue

A

a. Develops first, during fetal development
b. Also associated with repair of fractures
c. Collagen fibers are more randomly arranged; mineral content is lower; contains more osteocytes than found in mature/secondary bone tissue
–Immature and tend to have lower mineral content
aka Woven bone

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23
Q

Secondary bone tissue

A

a. Compact (cortical) bone
b. Spongy bone
c. Subchondral bone

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24
Q

Compact bone (cortical)

A

-Outer layer of densely packed bone tissue, composed of osteons (Haversian systems), circumferential lamellae, and interstitial lamellae

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25
Q

Contents of Osteons

A

a. Lamellae
b. Central canal (Osteonic or Haversian)
c. Lacunae
d. Canaliculi
e. Perforating canals (Communicating or Volkmanns)

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26
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric layers of bone tissue; within each layer, the collagen fibers are oriented at right angles in the adjacent layers

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27
Q

Central (osteonic or Haversian) canal

A

Contains vascular structures and nerves; lined by osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

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28
Q

Lacunae

A

Holes found between lamellae

-osteocytes located inside of these spaces

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29
Q

Canaliculi

A

Passageways connecting lacunae to each other and to the central and perforating canals

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30
Q

Perforating (communicating or Volkmann’s) canals

A

Connecting central canals to each other; lined by osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

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31
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Multiple layers of mineralized matrix made up of internal and external parts

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32
Q

External circumferential lamellae

A

Located immediately deep to the periosteum

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33
Q

Inner circumferential lamaellae

A

Located at the perimeter of the medullary cavity

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34
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Layers of mineralized matrix lying between and around osteons; the remains of partially destroyed osteons

35
Q

Spongy bone

A

a. Found in the interior of a bone
b. Lattice/ network of bony bars and struts (i.e. trabeculae), each consisting of just a few concentric layers of bone tissue
- —Site of blood cell manufacture (RBC, WBC, Platelets)

36
Q

Subchondral bone

A

a. Very thin layer of modified compact bone, lacking the extensive vascular channels
b. Found underlying articular cartilage, making up the articular/facet surface

37
Q

Accessory bone

A

Abnormal bone growth from existing normal bone (e.g. bone spurs)

38
Q

Heterotrophic bone

A

Abnormal bone, formed entirely within soft tissue (some types of kidney stones, gall stones, muscle or tendon calcifications)

39
Q

Diaphysis

A

Body/shaft of the bone; primary center of ossification

40
Q

Epiphysis

A

Often associated with area of articulation with another bone or site of excessive muscle tension
-Secondary center of ossification

41
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous structure covering outer bone surface, except for articular bone surfaces and where tendons and ligaments attach onto the bone

a. Anchored onto outer bone surface by Sharperys fibers
b. Consists of a cellular and fibrous layer

42
Q

Fibrous layer of Periosteum

A

Superficial; sheet of dense irregular connective tissue containing type I collagen fibers, plus fibroblasts, blood vessels and nerve fibers

43
Q

Cellular layer of Periosteum

A

Deep; thin layer containing bone cells (primarily osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts)

44
Q

Endosteum

A

Very thin connective tissue layer covering inner bone surfaces; primarily consists of a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

45
Q

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

A

Cavity at the center of a long bone; in children, additional site of blood cell manufacture (red bone marrow), in adults, site of adipose storage (yellow bone marrow)

46
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covering articular surfaces; composed of hyaline cartilage

47
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

A bone remodels its shape according to the way force is transmitted through it

48
Q

Intramembranous bone (aka dermal)

A

Bones at the top of the skull- clavicle

49
Q

Endochondral bone (aka cartilaginous)

A

Bones at the skull base + all postcranial bones, including part of the clavicle

50
Q

Ontogenetic process in endochondral bone

A

a. Cartilaginous model forms (composed of hyaline cartilage)
b. Ossification begins
c. Further growth takes place along two pathways (interstitial and appositional)

51
Q

Internal Ossification

A

a. Cartilage disintegrates and excavates interior of the bone
- Blood vessels invade, bringing undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
- -Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts, which start forming spongy bone

52
Q

External Ossification

A
  • Periosteum forms
  • -Osteoprogenitor cells within the cellular layer of the periosteum mature into osteoblasts
  • –Osteoblasts start forming compact bone
53
Q

Interstitial growth

A
  • Between diaphysis and epiphysis
  • -Blood vessels invade ends of bone as well, which become secondary centers of ossification
  • Epiphyseal plate
  • —Growth ceases when plate ossifies
54
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Zone of hyaline cartilage remaining between primary and secondary ossification centers
-Site of active growth

55
Q

Appositional growth

A
  • Increase in overall size
  • -New compact bone deposited by osteoblasts just below the periosteum
  • –Osteoclasts at inner bone surface destroy bone tissue and enlarge the medullary cavity; remodel compact bone/spongy bone interface
  • —Growth ceases when interstitial growth ceases
56
Q

Ontogenetic process in intramembranous bone

A
  1. Membranous layer forms around blood vessels
  2. Undifferentiated connective tissue cells around blood vessels differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts, which start forming spongy bone
  3. Periosteum forms; cells within the cellular layer differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts, which start forming compact bone below periosteum
  4. Remaining growth takes place via mechanism similar to appositional growth
  5. Process ends concurrently with endochondral growth
57
Q

Vitamin C

A

-Necessary for proper collagen formation
–Deficiency leads to scurvy
Without this % of fractures increase due to thinning of bone

58
Q

Vitamin D

A

Synthesized within the skin of ingested as part of diet

  • Facilitates proper bone mineralization by increasing absorption of calcium within the small intestine and reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
  • –Deficiency leads to rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults)
59
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A
  • Increases amount of calcium in blood by indirectly stimulating osteoclast activity
    a. Binds to receptors on the osteoblasts, which then release osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL)
    b. OPGL activates receptors on preosteoclast cells, which causes them to mature into osteoclasts
    c. These osteoclasts start breaking down bone tissue
  • -Excess amount of this leads to bone thinning (increase likelihood of fractures)
60
Q

Pituitary growth hormone (GH)

A
  • Excess growth of hormone in children leads to giantism; in adults to acromegaly
  • -Deficit of growth hormone in children leads to dwarfism
61
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • Too much GH in adults

- Leads to increase in the size of the nose and chin

62
Q

Giantism

A

-Too much GH in children
-Blood isn’t able to efficiently travel upwards of 7 feet
Increased length of growth period and increase in rate of growth

63
Q

Osteitis

A

Inflammation of bone tissue caused by injury or infection

64
Q

Healing of fracture

A
  1. Fracture hematoma formed from ruptured blood vessels
  2. Soft callus (mixture of spongy bone and fibrocartilage)
  3. Hard callus forms by mineralization and remodeling of soft callus
  4. Remodeling of hard callus to mature (compact and spongy) bone—Spongy on inside, compact on outside
    - –Will form a permanent scar in the bone where the fracture took place
65
Q

Greenstick fracture

A
  • Only seen in children
  • -Bow and fracture on convex side of bone
  • –Bone basically bends and then breaks
66
Q

Comminuted fracture

A
  • fragmented fracture

- -Complex healing process

67
Q

Compression fracture

A
  • Collapsed vertebral body

- -Trauma or weakness of bone from specific disease

68
Q

Periostitis

A

Inflammation of perisoteum caused by a trauma or infection

–occurs on the exterior of the bone or on the compact bone

69
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone interior caused by bacteria, usually initially entering the bone via wound or via bloodstream
–Looks like someone drilled a hole into the bone

70
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Can spread to the spongy bone (particularly of the vertebral bodies [Pott’s disease]), resulting in bone and joint destruction

71
Q

Neoplasms

A
  • Benign tumor

- Malignant tumor

72
Q

Benign tumors

A
  1. Osteochondroma

2. Osteoma

73
Q

Malignant tumors

A
  1. Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)

2. Multiple myeloma

74
Q

Aging

A
  • Repair/healing process is slowed

- Osteoporosis occurs

75
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • A significant reduction in bone density due to deossification
  • –Part of the aging process; also can result from hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, prolonged vitamin C deficiency
  • —Most prevalent in older women- women have less bone mass than men
  • Women lose bone mass sooner and faster than men
76
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immoveable, None

“Nuns dont syn”

77
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly Moveable

“Turn that amp down”

78
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely Moveable

“Live free Die Hard”

79
Q

Structure of Joint (3 layers)

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
80
Q

Fibrous

A 
-Bones fastened together by thin layers of fibrous (i.e dense) connective tissue 
3 types
1. Syndesmosis 
2. Suture
3. Gomphosis
81
Q

Syndesmosis

A

i. Bones joined by a fibrous band which forms and ‘interosseous ligament’
ii. Movement classification= amphiarthosis

82
Q

Suture

A
  • Only between some bones of the skull
  • Strap of dense regular connective tissue
    i. Bones joined by a very short fibrous band which forms a ‘sutural ligament’
    ii. Movement classification= Synarthrosis
83
Q

Gomphosis

A

i. Articulation between tooth root and alveolus (bony socket) ; consists of a very short fibrous band which forms a ‘periodontal ligament’
ii. Movement: Synarthrosis

1st Trimester (4 decks)

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