Phys Final Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
Hydrogen
A
Weakest molecule
Doesn’t form new molecules
2
Q
H2O
A
High heat capacity
3
Q
Enzyme controlled reaction
A
Not Substrate
Not Converted to product
Can only be used once-incorrect
4
Q
Arterial
A
Higher pH than Venous
5
Q
Bicarbonate
A
HCO3
Buffer outside
6
Q
Respiratory acidosis
A
Carbonic acid
7
Q
No carbonic acid
A
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
8
Q
Carbohydrate
A
Form polymers
Function as enzymes
Names and with -ose
9
Q
Sucrose
A
Glucose and fructose linked together
10
Q
Glucose
A
6 carbon sugar
11
Q
Saturated fat
A
Unhealthy fat
12
Q
Fatty acid
A
Produces triglycerides
Saturated fat
Unsaturated fat
13
Q
Chylomicron
A
Exit the cells of your small intestine and enter bloodstream
14
Q
LDL and HDL
A
Both produced in liver from F.A
15
Q
Nucleic acids
A
Energy storing and transferring
16
Q
Nucleotides
A
Phosphate
Carbohydrate
Base; functional part with nitrogen
No glycerol
17
Q
Essentiality
A
Only get essential A.A through diet
18
Q
Tertiary
A
When proteins denature
19
Q
Fibrous protein function
A
Does not easily denature
Function best at muscle contraction
20
Q
Enzymes
A
Never force 2 molecules to react that do not normally react in nature
21
Q
Substrate
A
The chemical/molecule that will be changed by an enzyme
22
Q
Carboxylase
A
Add CO2 to organic molecules
23
Q
Dehydrogenase
A
Removes hydrogen
24
Q
Reductase
A
Adds something to a molecule, changes the charge
25
Endergonic reactions
Require an input of energy
26
Apoenzyme
Not yet active
27
Coenzyme
Organic compound, the vitamins
28
Zymogens
Inactive enzyme, not fully constructed
29
Chaperonin
Proteins that can re-nature a denatured enzyme
30
Affinity
The degree of attraction between an enzyme and its substrate
31
Allosteric
Not attached to binding site, but can still block function
32
Cyanide
Interfere with ATP production in all cells of the body
33
Regulation
Does not referred to correct sequence
34
Cell housekeeping function
Organelle function
Membrane function
Cell metabolism/respiration
35
Cutaneous membrane
Has Dead layer
Keratin fibers
waterproof skin
36
Internal environment
Interstitial fluid(ISF)
37
Stimulus
Any change in internal environment that can be detected
38
Sensory receptor
Convert changes in internal environment into electrical signals
39
Set point
Don't stay the same, never a fixed point
40
Acclimation
Long-term change in the environment; changes set point
41
Na+
140 meq/dL
42
Chemical messenger
Nervous system and endocrine system have chemical messengers
43
Endocrine system
Controls activities that require long duration rather than speed
44
Effectors
Reverse changes in the internal environment
45
Intrinsic control
In organs
46
Antagonist(negative feedback arc)
Block or inhibit function
47
Feedback inhibition
Stopping or reducing the output of a single biochemical pathway
48
Feed forward
Effector begins to change an internal environment before there's any change in the external environment
49
Metabolic imbalances
Absence of nonfunctioning enzyme
50
Genetic imbalances
Inability to maintain genetic info
51
Immune Imbalances
Immuno deficiency, allergies
52
Epithelium
Most likely to become cancerous
53
Parenchyma
Functional tissue of an organ
54
Atrophy
Decrease in Cell size
55
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
56
Metaplasia
Pathological increase in the number of well organized cells
57
High anaplasia
Undifferentiated, not specialized
58
Benign
Non-life-threatening
Don't exhibit necrosis or angiogenesis
59
Malignant
Life-threatening
Destruction of normal neighboring cells
60
Sarcoma
Come from connective tissue
61
Carcinoma in situ
Has not broken through the basement membrane
62
Blood capillaries
Pathway for sarcomas
63
Lymph capillaries
Pathway for carcinomas
64
Metastatic tumor pathway
G.I. tract is not a pathway for a metastatic tumor
65
Proto-Oncogenes
Normal cell division
66
Oncogenes
Abnormal cell division
67
Tumor suppressor genes
DNA repair
Trigger apoptosis
Inheritance
(All of the above=answer)
68
Destruction of normal neighboring cells
Malignant
69
Pathological cell death
Identified by swelling and eventual rupture of cell
70
Hydrophilic end
Glycerol end with phosphate attached, attracted to H2O
71
Freely permeable
Small nonpolar molecules, CO2, 02, H2O
72
Lipophilic messenger
Receptors for these are inside Cell, primary messenger
73
Antagonist
Attaches to a receptor, blocks/inhibits an effect
74
Diffusion
Eliminate concentration gradients
75
Temperature
The higher the temperature the faster diffusion occurs
76
Distance
The shorter the distance substances have to cross the faster diffusion occurs
77
Surface area
The greater the surface area, the faster diffusion will occur
78
Hydrostatic pressure
Pushes fluid out of an organ or vessel
79
Osmosis
The diffusion of H2O through a semi permeable membrane
80
Osmotically active particles
Particles that can't pass through cell membrane
81
Hypertonic solution
Cause the cell to shrivel
82
Gates
Highly specific, normally closed, have to be stimulated to open
83
Active transporters
Pump substances against their concentration gradient
Uniport
Symport
Antiport
84
Antiport
Move 2 different substances in opposite directions
85
Glycolysis
Is reversible
Anaerobic
Occurs in cytoplasm
H2O waste product
86
Cori cycle
Lactic acid is converted back to glucose
87
Transition
AcetylcoA: 3 carbon pyruvate converted to 2 carbon sugar
88
TCA cycle (Krebs)
Produces 2 ATP
CO2 waste product
89
ETS
Only aerobic step
H2O waste product
90
Cell respiration
Glucose oxidized: energy in just 1 glucose, more in 1 glucose molecule than 38 ATP
91
Introns
Non-coding regions that will be spliced out
92
Codons
Carry info for 1 A.A
93
rRNA (RNAP1)
Form peptide bonds
94
tRNA (RNAP III)
Carry individual A.A
95
Anti-codon
Carried by tRNA
96
Semi conservative (S phase)
Not due to many origins
97
Origin of replication (S phase)
Many of these points along DNA
98
G2-Quality phase
Where DNA is checked for errors
99
Prometaphase
Spindle fibers begin to grow
Nucleus is disassembled and taken away from view
100
Interpolar spindles (anaphase-b)
Push chromatids apart
101
Astral spindles (anaphase b)
Pulling chromatids apart
102
Cyclin A
Speeds cell passage through S phase only
103
Apoptosis->Intrinsic
Not attached to death receptor
104
PNS
Come from crest cells
105
Voltage gated channels
Regenerate electrical signals
Allow Na+ to flow into cell
Are not found on dendrites
106
Saltatory conduction
Not faster in myelinated neurons
107
K+
ECF: 5mEq
ICF: 150mEq
108
Depolarization
During rising phase there is less K+ inside cell
109
Repolarization
Diffusion of K+ ions out of neuron
110
RMP
K+ can move out of Cell and maintain RMP
111
Na+/K+ pump
Going to pump out Na+ and bring back K+
112
Action potential
Has absolute refractory period
Only occurs along axon
Has all or none characteristics
113
Relative refractory period
Occurs during the undershoot, not between rising and falling phase
114
Unmyelinated axons
APs travel much slower
115
AP coding info
Intensity is coded by frequency of AP
116
Monoamine oxidase
Enzyme that deactivates dopamine
117
Acetylcholine (AchE)
Does not attach to nicotinic receptors when the parasympathetic nervous system is active
118
Beta 1
Increases HR
119
Histamine (HMT)
Affects wakefulness
120
Excitatory potential
Chemically gated Na+ channels
121
Inhibitory potential
Caused by inflow of chlorine ions and outflow of K+
122
Graded potentials
Travel short distances
May lead to AP at Hillock
Summate into larger or smaller signals
123
Threshold
The minimum level of excitement needed to start and AP on an axon, not peak
124
Brain metabolism
Requires continuous amount of O2
Does not use lipids as fuel source
Does not use insulin to obtain glucose
125
Procedural memory
Memory for learned skills
126
Semantic memory
Memory about facts
127
Episodic memory
Entirely autobiographical information
128
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Associated with resolving conflicts
129
hippocampus
Helps to convert STM to LTM
130
Cerebrocerebellum
Stores procedural long-term memories
131
Baroreceptor
Respond to stretching of blood vessels during changes in BP
132
Phasic receptors
Stop working soon after stimulus detected
133
Receptor potential
Varies directly with the size of the stimulus, only occur on dendrites
134
Neuropathic pain
Triggered by damage to a nerve not tissue
135
Bradykinin
Lower pain
136
Slow pain
Not easily localized
137
Referred pain
Disconnected from point of origin, being referred to distant parts of body
138
Dermatomes
Region of body served/supplied by specific spinal nerve, answer is false
139
Bitter
Respond to alkaline substances
140
Amplify sound
Pinna
Tympanum
Auditory ossicles
141
Outer hair cells
Play a role in amplifying sound
142
Tectorial membrane
Plays no role in hearing
143
High-pitched sounds
Detected at base of cochlea
144
Medulla
Only function is to determine location of sound
145
Vestibular complex
Stabilizes eyes
Detects motion of head
Maintains upright position
146
utricle
Detects horizontal movement
147
Saccule
Detects vertical movement
148
Focus light
Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous humor
149
Distant vision
Sympathetic nervous system is active
150
Pupil constricts
When the parasympathetic nervous system is active
151
Rods
Provides less acuity than cones
152
Light reaction (daylight)
Retina is in straight position
153
Light adaption
There's a 60 second delay to Cone function
154
False positive
Stimulus absent; reported present
155
Steroid based hormone
A peptide based hormone
156
Tropic hormone
Stimulate another endocrine gland to release hormones
157
Prohormone
Processed hormone released into bloodstream but is not yet active
158
Permissiveness
When one hormone must be present for a second hormone to produce it's effect
159
Affinity
The higher the affinity; the less likely to target cell
160
Glycogenesis
When glucose molecules are being linked together to make glycogen
161
Catabolic metabolism
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Proteolysis
162
Essential hormones to life
Insulin
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Parathyroid hormone
163
Indirect effects ( IGF 1)
Increases proteogenesis
Stimulate growth of skin and connective tissue
164
T4 &T3
T4: largely inactive
T3: Active version of hormone
165
PTH
Stimulate osteoclasts
Increase intestinal absorption of Ca+
Increase renal absorption of Ca+ from urine
166
Ca+
Needed for blood clotting
Hormone release
167
Aldosterone
Causes kidneys to reabsorb Ca+
168
ACTH
Stimulates release of cortisol
169
Cortisol
Adaption to stress
Increases lipolysis
Increases proteolysis
Increases hepatic Gluconeogenesis
Increases BP
170
Resistance phase
Cortisol released
171
Effects of insulin
Fed state
Increases glycogenesis
Increases lipogenesis
Increases proteogenesis
172
GLUT 3
Found only on neurons
173
GLUT 1,2,3
Always present on cell
174
Insulin
Only exclusively anabolic hormone
175
Glucagon
Liver and adipose primary targets
176
Premotor cortex
Constructs outline/plan for what you're going to do
177
Basal nucleus
Initiates behavior, suppresses unnecessary/unwanted behavior
178
Flaccid paralysis
Lower/alpha motor neuron
179
Insertion
Point of attachment that moves/slides
180
EPP
Always strong enough to bring the sarcolemma to threshold and start an AP
181
AchE
Stops the muscle from contracting
182
Terminal buttons
Ach released
183
Motor end plate
Contains many more Ach receptors
184
Dihydropyridine channel
Located on T tubules
185
Cisterns (lateral sacs)
Will release Ca+
186
Active sites
Become available for Crossbridge attachment after Ca+ binds to troponin
187
Myosin heads
Unattached studs on myosin filaments
188
Tiring
Enables a muscle cell to be stretched
189
Troponin
Does not bind with Myosin head during Pivot
190
Relaxation
The only place ATP is being split and used, prior to myosin head attachment
191
Myosin head attachment
Function as ATPase enzymes
192
Rigor mortis
Do to release of calcium
193
Excitation contraction coupling
An AP and sliding of Actin
194
Latent period
Time between the release of ACH and contraction of muscle cell
195
Cell all or none principle
When a skeletal muscle cell contracts contracts completely
196
Myoglobin
Responsible for getting 02 to muscle
197
Substained submaximal use of muscle cells
Does not lead to increase of mass
198
Aerobic fatigue
Resource depletion: run out of glucose or fat
Accumulation of extracellular K+
199
Longitudinal layer
When it contracts, it will cause a tube to dilate or get larger
200
Smooth muscle cells
Do you contain Actin
201
Pulse pressure
DP +1/3(SP-DP)
202
Peripheral resistance
Friction blood encounters
203
Kidneys
Long-term control of BP
204
MAP
Maintained by TPR and CO
205
Chemoreceptors
Monitor CO2 levels
Carotid bodies
Aortic bodies
206
CO
Regulated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
207
CVP
Decreased BP occurs directly when there is an increased CVP
208
Endothelium
Secrete substances that stimulate new vessel growth
209
Diastolic pressure
Ventricular diastolic pressure will drop to 0, arterial pressure only drops to 80
210
Arterioles
Offer the highest amount of resistance to bloodflow
211
Systemic arterioles
Therapeutic cold causes constriction
212
Vasoactivoty
Norepinephrine: strongly affects blood vessel diameter
Epinephrine:primarily affects the heart, not blood vessels
213
Kidneys
Decrease in blood flow during exercise
214
GI Tract
Decrease in blood flow during exercise
215
Collloid osmotic pressure
Pressure that pushes fluid back into a capillary
216
Capillaries
No sympathetic or parasympathetic regulation
217
Edema
Increases BP
Insufficient venous return
Increase ISF proteins
Lymph vessel blockage
218
Chronic inflammation
Defense performed by monocytes (macrophages)
219
Veins
Are volume reservoirs
220
Change in CVP
Increases CO=increased cardiac index
221
Lines of zahn
Alternating bands of platelets and RBCs
222
Delayed hypersensitivity
Brought about by monocytes
223
Av valves
Close when ventricles contract; open when ventricles relax
224
Systemic circuit
Blood enter R atrium
225
Systemic circuit
Receives less blood during HB than pulmonary circuit
226
Arteries
Carry 02 poor, CO2 rich blood to the lungs
227
Non-contractile cells
AP is carried out through Ca+ channels
228
SV nodal cells
Pauses the electrical signal
229
TQ interval
When the ventricles repolarize and fill with blood
230
ST segment
Ventricular contraction only
231
Sarcomeres
Shorten in cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells
232
Phase 2-Ca+
Plateau occurs when Ca+ channels open and Ca+ flows into the cells, this prolongs AP
233
Plateau
Prevents tetany
Prevents premature contractions
Prolongs the absolute refractory period
234
Cardiac contraction
Cardiac muscle cells use both extracellular Ca+ and SR Ca+ to stimulate contraction
235
Increased HR
Diastolic decreases
236
Max HR
220-age
237
Diastole
When the heart is relaxing and refilling with blood, pressure the lowest
238
HS 2
Blood hitting closed semilunar valve
239
Ventricular systole
AV valves close
240
EDV
Max amount ventricles can hold
241
Isovolumetric contraction
No blood can get in or out of ventricles
242
CO
CO= HR X SV
243
SV
Amount of blood pumped by ventricle during each contraction
244
Cardiac index
Relationship of CO + BSA
245
After-load
Amount of blood in your arteries
246
Starlings law
CO: more blood in the heart means more blood out of the heart
247
inotropic
Alters the force of contraction
248
Parasympathetic nervous system
Has no affect on the force of contraction
