Phys I Final Flashcards by Gabriel Zeigler

Most of the change of resistance in airflow in the lungs comes from changes in the primary bronchi diamter

False

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Sympathetic innervation of the respiratory system causes bronchoconstriction and decreased secretion from respiratory glands

False

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What is the role of the meatuses within the respiratory system?
A. None of the options are associated with the role of meatuses
B. Push the mucus back toward the throat
C. To help the inhaled air become turbulent
D. Assists with vocalization

C. To help the inhaled air become turbulent

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What statement is accurate of increased aldosterone secretion?
A. Stimulates the kidneys to increase reabsorption of potassium ions
B. Will cause increased blood volume
C. Stimulates the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) to increase water reabsorption
D. Two of the options are accurate

B. Will cause increased blood volume

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What statement is accurate?
A. Most of the mucous membrane in the respiratory system is stratified epithelium
B. None of the answers are accurate
C. The Lamina propria is to assist with filtering the inhaled air
D. The mucous membrane within the respiratory system assists with immune system function

D. The mucous membrane within the respiratory system assists with immune system function

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What statement is accurate?
A. Blood viscosity can be dependent upon plasma protein concentration
B. As blood vessel length increases, resistance decreases
C. Increased albumin production will lead to increased filtration within the capillaries
D. Baroreceptors respond to changes in MAP

A. Blood viscosity can be dependent upon plasma protein concentration

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All of the options are true associated with conchae, except?
A. Assists with filtering the inhaled air
B. Is lined with respiratory epithelium
C. Assists with the warming of inhaled air
D. Assists with vocalization

D. Assists with vocalization

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All of the statements are true regarding the trachea, except?
A. A main function is to assist with cleansing of the inhaled air
B. The mucocillary escalator is lined with goblet cells and ciliated pseudostratified squamous epithelial tissue
C. Tracheal cartilage rings provide structural support
D. Trachea is posterior to the esophagus

D. Trachea is posterior to the esophagus

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What statement is true?
A. Mucocillary escalator is found in the trachea and helps to warm the inhaled air
B. Increased atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion leads to increased blood pressure
C. The epiglottis is part of the pharynx
D. Bronchioles have smooth muscle but no cartilage within their structure

D. Bronchioles have smooth muscle but no cartilage within their structure

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What statement is true?
A. None of the options are true
B. The lower end of the conducting zone involved with gas exchange
C. The vocal cords assist in blocking the passage of food and liquids into the trachea
D. A respiration system involves maintaining the blood’s pH levels

D. A respiration system involves maintaining the blood’s pH levels

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Albumin has role in molecule transport and colloidal pressure within the blood

True

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Fibrinogen is the main plasma protein that influences blood viscosity

False

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If a baroreceptors detects a decrease in mean arterial pressure, then:
A. Baroreceptor action potential formation increases causing an increase of blood pressure
B. Baroreceptors stimulate the release of aldosterone to increase blood pressure
C. It ultimately stimulates the vasomotor center to activate the sympathetic nervous system
D. It leads to the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system

C. It ultimately stimulates the vasomotor center to activate the sympathetic nervous system

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Increased aldosterone secretion could lead to increased hydrostatic pressure leading to increased filtration within the capillaries

True

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The hydrostatic pressure increases and the osmotic pressure decreases as blood flows from the arteriole to the venule side of the capillary

False

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All of the options are necessary to activate angiotensin II, except?
A. Angiotensin converting enzyme
B. Aldosterone
C. Angiotensinogen
D. Renin

B. Aldosterone

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What option best describes pulse pressure?
A. It is the expansion of the blood vessel when you are taking an individuals pulse
B. The variance in systolic pressure from each cardiac cycle
C. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
D. The average blood pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle

C. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

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All of the options are true regarding blood, except?
A. Erythrocytes have the highest concentration of formed elements
B. Fibrinogen assists with the hemostasis process
C. Albumin assists with molecule transport
D. Most of the plasma is composed of plasma proteins

D. Most of the plasma is composed of plasma proteins

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All of the options are an outcome of angiotensin II activation, except?
A. Increased aldosterone secretion
B. Increased anti diuretic hormone secretion
C. Decreased blood plasma osmolarity
D. Stimulation of the kidneys to decrease reabsorption of sodium ions

D. Stimulation of the kidneys to decrease reabsorption of sodium ions

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What option is TRUE regarding blood flow and blood pressure?
A. As the blood vessel compliance decreases, blood pressure increases
B. At rest, most of the blood is located within arterial circulation
C. As body temperature increases, blood flow to the extremities decrease
D. The limbic system has little effect on blood flow and blood pressure

A. As the blood vessel compliance decreases, blood pressure increases

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What option is TRUE regarding blood pressure?
A. Auto regulation of blood pressure is commonly controlled by hypoxic levels
B. Aldosterone secretion leads into decreased blood pressure
C. Renin will convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
D. The mean arterial pressure is measured by subtracting the diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure

A. Auto regulation of blood pressure is commonly controlled by hypoxic levels

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What option is TRUE?
A. Erythrocytes carry oxygen by binding oxygen to the globin portion of hemoglobin
B. The most common type of capillary is fenestrated capillaries to allow nutrient exchange
C. Gamma globins assist with osmotic pressure
D. Arterioles are classified as resistance arteries

D. Arterioles are classified as resistance arteries

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What statement is accurate regarding blood vessels?
A. Arteries and veins both have a thick tunica media layer providing structural support
B. The tunica interna commonly includes smooth muscle
C. Sinusoid capillaries have large and wide intercellular gaps
D. Distributing arteries (muscular arteries) are primary site of resistance for blood flow

C. Sinusoid capillaries have large and wide intercellular gaps

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What statement is TRUE?
A. If vessel length increases, resistance decreases
B. If blood viscosity increases, blood flow increases
C. If vessel radius increases, blood pressure increases
D. If blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases too

D. If blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases too

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What variable has the largest impact on resistance regarding blood flow? A. Radius of blood vessel B. Albumin levels in the plasma C. Blood Viscosity D. Blood vessel length

A. Radius of blood vessel

The majority of cells that make up the mucosa membrane in the respiratory system is: A. Ciliated stratified columnar epithelium B. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium C. Stratified squamous epithelium D. Simple squamous epithelium

B. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Partial pressure of oxygen decreases from the atmosphere to the alveolar space primarily due to atmospheric air mixing with residual volume

False

Surfactant’s role in respiration is: A. Decrease the friction in the pleura B. Increase surface area of lung tissue C. Allow for repair of the type 1 alveolar cells D. Increase compliance of lung tissue

D. Increase compliance of lung tissue

The role of carbonic anhydrase is: a.Ultimately convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion. b.Assist with the binding of hydrogen ions to hemoglobin. c.Stabilize the structure of deoxyhemoglobin. d.Assist with the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin.

a.Ultimately convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion.

All of the statements are true regarding the respiratory zone, except? a.There are macrophages within the alveoli that assist with immune protection. b.Cilia and cartilage are commonly found in the respiratory zone. c.A pulmonary acinus consists of all the structures distal from one terminal bronchial. d.The type II alveolar cells assist in repair of the type I alveolar cells.

b.Cilia and cartilage are commonly found in the respiratory zone.

All of the options are functions of the conchae, except? a.Cleansing the inhaled air. b.Warming inhaled air. c.All of the options are a function of the conchae. d.Humidifying the inhaled air.

c.All of the options are a function of the conchae.

All of the options are classified as an accessory inspiration muscle, except? a.Sternocleidomastoid. b.Abdominal muscles. c.Pectoralis minor. d.Scalenes.

b.Abdominal muscles.

What molecule wouldn't possibly be bound to deoxyhemoglobin? a.All of the molecules could be bound to deoxyhemoglobin. b.Hydrogen ion. c.2,3 biphosphoglycerate (BPG). d.Oxygen molecule. e.Carbon dioxide.

a.All of the molecules could be bound to deoxyhemoglobin.

All of the options are true regarding bronchioles, except? a.They contain smooth muscle. b.They contain cilia. c.They contain cartilage. d.All of the options are true regarding bronchioles.

c.They contain cartilage.

All of the options are true regarding gas transport, except? a.Carbaminohemoglobin refers to when carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin. b.The Cl- / HCO3- Antiport assists with moving bicarbonate into and out of the erythrocyte. c.As oxygen binds to deoxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin changes its shape to increase the affinity of another oxygen molecule to bind to another heme group. d.Bicarbonate formation occurs only in the pulmonary circuit.

d.Bicarbonate formation occurs only in the pulmonary circuit.

What option is TRUE regarding bicarbonate ion? a.It assists with stabilizing deoxyhemoglobin to allow for the binding of hydrogen ions to the globin portion. b.It forms carbonic acid which is pumped out of the erythrocyte. c.It attaches to the globin portion of hemoglobin. d.None of the options are true.

d.None of the options are true.

All of the statements are true regarding gas exchange, except? a.Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the pulmonary capillaries compared to the alveolar carbon dioxide partial pressure. b.Carbon dioxide's partial pressure becomes higher as it reaches the respiratory zone. c.Carbon dioxide primarily depends on its partial pressure gradient for diffusion. d.Oxygen decreases in partial pressure as travels from the atmosphere to alveoli.

c.Carbon dioxide primarily depends on its partial pressure gradient for diffusion.

All of the statements are true regarding gas exchange, except? a.Vasodilation of the pulmonary capillaries occurs when ventilation to an area of the lungs increases. b.All of the options are true regarding gas exchange. c.Carbon dioxide has a high rate of diffusion due to its partial pressure gradient difference. d.Increase the alveolar capillary membrane thickness leads to a decrease in oxygen diffusion into the capillaries.

c.Carbon dioxide has a high rate of diffusion due to its partial pressure gradient difference.

What statement is TRUE regarding respiration? a.The mucociliary escalator is dependent upon stratified squamous epithelium. b.The type 2 alveolar cells create the surface area for gas exchange. c.The visceral pleura lines the along the thoracic/rib cage. d.The external intercostals are involved with the inspiration process.

d.The external intercostals are involved with the inspiration process.

All of the variables are associated with Fick's law pertaining to the rate of diffusion, except? a.Solubility of a gas. b.Concentration of a gas. c.All of the variables are associated with Fick's law. d.Alveolar-capillary thickness.

b.Concentration of a gas.

The process of bronchiole constriction and bronchiole dilation set up the pressure gradients for air to flow in and out of the lungs. a.True. b.False.

b.False.

All of the options are true regarding surfactant, except? Select one: a.Prevents the lung tissue collapsing. b.Decreases surface tension in the alveoli. c.Helps to increase pulmonary compliance. d.Secreted by alveolar macrophages.

d.Secreted by alveolar macrophages.

What statement is true? Select one: a.The bronchioles are the primary location of the conducting zone that can undergo bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation. b.The conducting and respiratory zones allow for gas exchange. c.The conducting and respiratory zones have supportive cartilage structures. d.None of the options are true.

a.The bronchioles are the primary location of the conducting zone that can undergo bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation.

What statement is true? Select one: a.The primary bronchi are the primary location that bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation occurs. b.All of the conducting zone has supportive cartilage to assist with structural support. c.All the respiratory zone structures have smooth muscle. d.None of the answers are true.

d.None of the answers are true.

What would be the most likely outcome if the type I alveolar cells were dysfunctional? Select one: a.Gas exchange would be impacted. b.The lungs would collapse. c.All of the options are likely to happen. d.The alveolar would not be able to expand and ventilate.

a.Gas exchange would be impacted.

All of the options are true if there is increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation to a blood vessel, except? Select one: a.Blood flow will decease through that vessel. b.The blood vessel's radius will decrease. c.All of the options are true. None are false. d.The resistance through that vessel will decrease.

d.The resistance through that vessel will decrease.

What variable(s) or factor(s) have the biggest influence on blood viscosity? Select one: a.Albumin concentration. b.Length of vessel. c.Two of the answers are correct. d.Erythrocyte production and concentration.

c.Two of the answers are correct.

What option is TRUE? Select one: a.As blood vessel length increases, resistance decreases. b.As blood viscosity increases, blood flow decreases. c.Changes in the blood vessel radius tend to take a long time to have an impact. d.All of the options are correct.

b.As blood viscosity increases, blood flow decreases.

All of the options are true regarding capillaries, except? Select one: a.Only consist of the basement membrane (basal lamina) and the endothelium. b.They are the smallest blood vessel. c.They allow for nutrient and gas exchange to occur. d.All capillaries have blood perfusion within them at any given moment. e.All of the options are true regarding capillaries.

d.All capillaries have blood perfusion within them at any given moment.

What option defines why arterioles are so important? Select one: a.They are a primary site for resistance and pressure changes. b.Their endothelium is thicker and can withstand increased pressure. c.They have an ability to expand to a much larger size and act as a blood reservoir. d. They allow for nutrient and gas exchange.

a.They are a primary site for resistance and pressure changes.

All of the options are functions associated with the circulatory system, except? Select one: a.Transportation of nutrients and waste products. b.Thermoregulation. c.Hemostasis. d.Immune support. e.All of the options are functions associated with the circulatory system.

e.All of the options are functions associated with the circulatory system.

What option is true? Select one: a.Reynold?s number helps determine the resistance of blood flow. b.Blood flow velocity (speed) is at highest along the sides of the blood vessel. c.Turbulent blood flow is desired for most blood vessels. d.As blood vessel diameter decreases, laminar blood flow decreases

d.As blood vessel diameter decreases, laminar blood flow decreases

If there was lost of this plasma protein, the hemostasis process would be disrupted: Select one: a.Albumin. b.Alpha Globlin. c.Fibrinogen. d.Plasma Protein A.

c.Fibrinogen.

This plasma protein is vital to help maintain the viscosity of blood and create osmotic pressure in the blood: Select one: a.Beta Globlin. b.Fibrinogen. c.Plasma Protein A. d.Albumin.

d.Albumin.

The majority of capillaries have this feature? Select one: a.Intercellular clefts and filtration pores. b.Intercellular clefts. c.Large and wide gaps within them. d.Filtration pores.

b.Intercellular clefts.

What option is accurate of veins? Select one: a.Have a higher blood pressure within them. b.Have valves that assist with regulating the blood pressure. c.Have a thick tunica media. d.None of the options are accurate of veins.

d.None of the options are accurate of veins.

Which type of capillary has filtration pores within to allow for movement of nutrients and waste products? Select one: a.Sinusoid capillaries. b.Continuous and fenestrated capillaries. c.Continuous capillaries. d.Fenestrated capillaries.

d.Fenestrated capillaries.

What is true of the endothelium? Select one: a.Consists of a single layer of cells. b.Can undergo vasoconstriction. c.Found in the tunica media layer of the blood vessel. d.Contains smooth muscle for support.

a.Consists of a single layer of cells.

Mean arterial pressure is important because it is classified as the opposition that blood faces when traveling through the blood vessel.

False

What option is TRUE? Select one: a.As blood vessel length increases, so does blood flow. b.As the radius of the blood vessel decreases, resistance decreases too. c.None of the options are correct. d.As blood viscosity increases, so does blood flow.

c.None of the options are correct.

The general blood flow equation is defined as: Blood Flow = peripheral resistance / blood pressure difference.

False

What option is not a major variable affecting peripheral resistance? Select one: a.Thickness of the blood vessel. b.Blood viscosity. c.Blood vessel length. d.Blood vessel radius.

a.Thickness of the blood vessel.

What option is true? Select one: a.None of the options are true. b.Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is secreted from the kidneys. c.Angiotensin II will cause aldosterone secretion. d.Renin is secreted from the epithelial lung tissue.

c.Angiotensin II will cause aldosterone secretion.

A blood vessel undergoing vasoconstriction will experience increased blood pressure and decreased resistance.

False

What option is true? Select one: a.Decreased blood viscosity could be due to an increased production of erythrocytes. b.Increased blood viscosity will lead to decrease blood flow. c.The longer the blood vessel, the less resistance occurs with blood flow. d.Weight gain/loss has little impact on overall blood flow resistance.

b.Increased blood viscosity will lead to decrease blood flow.

What option is accurate if there is increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation to a blood vessel? Select one: a.The resistance through that vessel will increase. b.All of the options are accurate. c.Blood flow will increase through that vessel. d.The blood vessel's radius will increase.

a.The resistance through that vessel will increase.

All of the options are true regarding increased aldosterone secretion, except? Select one: a.Can cause hypertension. b.All the answers are true. None are false. c.Leads to increased blood volume. d.Is a result of increased sodium gastrointestinal absorption.

d.Is a result of increased sodium gastrointestinal absorption.

What option is true? Select one: a.Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. b.Catecholamine release causes vasodilation. c.None of the options are true. d.As the core body temperature increases, it causes vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels.

c.None of the options are true.

What is autoregulation of blood pressure primarily dependent upon? Select one: a.Blood pH levels. b.Two of the answers are true. c.Hyperperfusion of tissues. d.Hypoxia.

d.Hypoxia.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) will lead to an increase of blood pressure due to its ability to increase sodium ion reabsorption.

False

If MAP decreases, what change would result? Select one: a.Chemoreceptors firing would increase causing increased sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels. b.Baroreceptor firing would increase, causing decreased sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels. c.Baroreceptor firing would decrease causing increased sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels. d.Chemoreceptors firing would decrease causing decreased sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels.

c.Baroreceptor firing would decrease causing increased sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels.

All of the options are functions of angiotensin II, except? Select one: a.Stimulate atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion. b.Stimulate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. c.All of the options are true regarding angiotensin II. d.Stimulate vasoconstriction.

a.Stimulate atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion.

All of the options are variables affecting a capillary's ability to filter fluids into the surrounding tissues, except? Select one: a.Increased water volume of blood. b.Increased blood pressure. c.Increased production of albumin. d.All of the options would affect a capillary's ability to filter fluids.

c.Increased production of albumin.

All of the options are true, except? Select one: a.As blood viscosity increases, resistance decreases. b.Decreased reabsorption of the capillaries can lead to edema. c.Blood flow resistance increases with vasoconstriction. d.Aldosterone secretion leads to increased blood pressure.

a.As blood viscosity increases, resistance decreases.

This type of capillary is most commonly found throughout the body and intercellular clefts that allow for filtration and reabsorption processes? Select one: a.Continuous capillary. b.Fenestrated capillary. c.Filtrated capillary. d.Sinusoid capillary.

a.Continuous capillary.

All of the options are functions of the lymphatic system, except? Select one: a.Assist with absorption of lipids within the digestive system. b.All of the options are associated with functions associated with the lymphatic system. c.Assist with filtering the plasma of the blood. d.Assist in immune function.

b.All of the options are associated with functions associated with the lymphatic system.

Veins tend to have a very thick tunica media and externa due to the fact they act as a blood reservoir for the body.

False

Assuming a normal functioning lymphatic system, how would a venous thrombosis (increased venous pressure) lead to: Select one: a.Increased reabsorption of fluids from surrounding tissues. b.Increased filtration of fluids into surrounding tissues. c.Decreased reabsorption of fluids from surrounding tissues. d.Decreased filtration of fluids into surrounding tissues.

b.Increased filtration of fluids into surrounding tissues.

What statement is true? Select one: a.Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can lead to hypotension. b.Aldosterone secretion leads to an increased secretion of renin. c.Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone is secreted in response to hypotension. d.Angiotensin II causes increased sodium ion reabsorption in the kidneys.

d.Angiotensin II causes increased sodium ion reabsorption in the kidneys.

All of the options are true regarding lymph nodes, except? Select one: a.Assist with immune cell activation. b.Can undergo inflammation upon infections. c.Assist with filtering the lymph fluid. d.Are only found in a few areas of the body.

d.Are only found in a few areas of the body.

A hypertonic plasma solution within the venule side of the capillary would cause: Select one: a.Increased reabsorption of fluids from surrounding tissues. b.Increased filtration of fluids into surrounding tissues. c.Decreased filtration of fluids into surrounding tissues. d.Decreased reabsorption of fluids from surrounding tissues.

What is the primary site of both resistance and regulation of blood pressure

Arterioles (Resistance Artery)

Alpha 1 and Beta 2 Adrenergic receptors cause

Alpha 1: Vasoconstriction Beta 1: Vasodilation

Capillaries consist of

Endothelium and basal Lamina

What are the most common type of capillary and contain intercellular clefts and pericytes

Continuous

What capillaries have filtaration pores

Fenestrated

What capillaries have wide gaps between them

Sinusoids

What formed elements in blood are most abundant

Neutrophils (40-60%)

Whats the most abundant plasma protein and is the most significant contributor to osmotic pressure in the blood

Albumin (also aids in transport)

What plasma proteins are involved in immunity

Gamma globulins

What plasma protein is necessary for blood clotting

Fibrinogen

Blood flow =

Pressure/Resistance

Blood pressure is

Systolic/Diastolic

Resistance is dependent on

Blood viscosity, vessel length and vessel diameter

Blood Viscosity Variables

Formed Elements, Plasma Proteins and Dehydration

Autoregulation is dependent upon

Hypoxias and Waste Products (CO2) and Vasoactive Chemicals

MAP increase means

-Increase in Baroreceptor Firing

Function of Aldosterone

Promotes Na ion reabsorption in kidneys/Secretion of K+ into urine

Increased Aldosterone means

Elevated Blood Pressure

Function of ADH

Regulation of Plasma Osmolarity and Stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb water

What does ADH do to BP

Released when BP is high to prevent fluid loss

ANP Function

-Reduce arterial pressure by decreasing blood volume -Stimulate the release of Na into urine

ANP on BP

Increases

Catecholamines cause

Vasoconstriction

Where is ACE secreted

Endothelial cells in the lungs/kidneys

Angiotensin II Functions

1. Stimulate release of aldosterone 2. Stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Na+ ions 3. Increases thirst for increased water intake 4. Stimulates release of ADH 5. Stimulates sympathetic nervous system

Hydrostatic pressure is concerned with

Filtration

Osmotic pressure is concerned with

Reabsorption

Lymphatic System Functions

Fluid recovery, Immunity support, Lipid absorption

Causes for Edema

Increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced osomotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, increased vascular permeability

Nasal Cavity Functions

Warms, cleanses, humidifies air Olfaction Sound Production Drainage for sinuses

Main characters in Gas Transport

Oxygen, CO2, carbaminohemoglobin, bicarbonate, hydrogen, BPG