Phys Sys Exam 4 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis
A
chloroplasts
2
Q
autotrophs
A
get energy entirely from nonliving sources
3
Q
autotrophs make ____ from _____
A
organic molecules, CO2
4
Q
a molecule is organic if it has
A
carbon and hydrogen
5
Q
consumers
A
eat other organisms (living)
6
Q
heterotrophs depend on ____ for food and O2
A
autotrophs
7
Q
decomposers
A
break down and absorb energy from nonliving remains or wastes of other organisms
8
Q
photoautotrophs
A
make energy through sunlight
9
Q
Photosynthesis requires ____ to catalyze
A
enzymes
9
Q
CO2 and O2 enters/exits the leaf through the _____
A
stomata
10
Q
chloroplasts are found in _____ cells
A
mesophyll
11
Q
the fluid in chloroplasts is called the
A
stroma
12
Q
membrane sacs suspended in the stroma
A
thylakoids
13
Q
stacks of thylakoids
A
grana
14
Q
light dependent reactions occur in the
A
thylakoid membranes
14
Q
equation for photosynthesis
A
6 CO2+6 H2O+ light»>C6H12O6+ 6 O2
14
Q
green pigment found in thylakoid membrane
A
chlorophyll
15
Q
light independent reactions occur in the
A
stroma
16
Q
light independent reactions are also called the
A
calvin cycle
17
Q
in the light reactions when H2O splits, it contributes ____
A
Electrons and protons, H+
18
Q
where does O2 go in the light reactions
A
waste product (out stomata)
19
Q
what is it called when ADP is converted to ATP
A
photophosphorylation
20
Q
what is it called when CO2 is incorporated into an organic molecule
A
carbon fixation
21
Q
What does NADPH provide in the calvin cycle
A
electrons
22
23
what does the calvin cycle use from the light dependent reactions
ATP and NADPH
24
energy of light is transferred to proteins by the ____
chlorophyll
25
The photosystems are embedded in the ______
thylakoid membrane
26
PSII and PSI are connected by the ___
electron transport chain
27
what do the photosystems do
forms proton gradient for chemiosmosis and ATP production
28
in the calvin cycle, carbon enters the cycle as
CO2
29
what is the sugar that leaves the calvin cycle
G3P
30
3 ____ molecules are fixed to make G3P
CO2
31
3 stages of calvin cycle
carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
32
how many ATP are required in the regeneration portion of calvin cycle
3
33
the sugar made from photosynthesis is stored as starch in
chloroplasts, roots, seeds, tubers, fruits
34
about half of the sugar made from photosynthesis is used in the plant for ____
cell respiration
35
plants undergo what type of growth
vegetative
36
____ grow flowers to function in reproduction
angiosperms
37
Organ
several tissue types
working together to carry
out a function
38
Tissue
group of cells (of one or
more cell type) grouped
together for a specialized
function
39
the shoot system includes the
stems, leaves, and flowers
40
the root system and shoot system are connected by ____ tissue
vascular
41
functions of roots
anchoring plant, absorbing minerals and water, storing carbohydrates
42
large, hard plants with large shoot masses have a ____ system
taproot
43
the taproot's main function is
to anchor the plant
44
the lateral roots main functions are
to absorb water and minerals
45
root hairs are extensions of _____ cells
epidermal
46
node
point of leaf attachment
47
internodes
stem segments between nodes
48
apical bud
also called terminal bud, elongates the shoot at the tip
49
axillary bud
armpit of plant, located in the upper angle between leaf and stem
50
the axillary bud has the potential to form a
lateral branch, thorn, flower
51
the main photosynthetic organ of plants is the
leaves
52
Functions of leaves other than photosynthesis
gas exchange, dissipation of heat, defense, storage
53
the stalk of the leaf is called the
petiole, which joins leaf to stem
54
In nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue is called the
epidermis (layer of tightly packed cells)
55
the cuticle of the leaf is useful to
prevent water loss from the epidermis
56
function of vascular tissue
facilitates transport of materials and provides support
57
the xylem conducts ____ in a ____ direction
water and minerals, upward
58
the phloem transports ____ in a___ direction
sugars, two way
59
the water conducting cells in the xylem are called
tracheids
60
tracheids are found
in all plant xylems
61
vessel elements are found
only in some plants
62
tracheids structure
tubular, elongated, dead, rigid
63
the secondary walls of xylem have ___
pits
64
pits
water can migrate laterally to neighboring cells
65
vessel elements
wider, shorter, less tapered, thinner walls
66
The _____ at the end of vessel elements enable the free flow of water
perforation plates
67
the phloem consists of
sieve-tube elements
68
the cells of the phloem lack
nucleus, ribosomes, distinct vacuole, cytoskeletal elements
69
the sieve plates between the tubes contain
pores to facilitate flow of fluid from cell to cell
70
non conducting cell of phloem
companion cell, is alongside each sieve tube element
71
ground tissue
tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular
72
substance internal to vascular tissue
pith
73
substance external to vascular tissue
cortex
74
ground tissue is important in
photosynthesis, short distance transport, storage, support
75
name for continuous plant growth throughout its life
continuous growth
76
indeterminate growth is enabled by
meristems (perpetually undifferentiated cells)
77
some plants stop growing at a certain size, which is called
determinate growth
78
apical meristems function
primary growth
79
axillary meristems function
secondary growth, adds thickness and girth
80
two types of lateral meristems
vascular cambium, cork cambium
81
vascular cambium
adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem
82
cork cambium
replaces epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher
83
derivative cells
come after stem cells, differentiate into specialized cells, displaced from meristem
84
apical dominance is achieved through
plant hormones
85
two major transport compartments in plants
apoplast and symplast
86
apoplast system
external to plasma membrane, includes cell walls, extracellular spaces, interior of vessels
87
symplast system
cytosol of all living cells
88
three transport systems in plants
apoplast, symplast, transmembrane
89
in plants, the membrane potential is established with
proton pumps, H+
90
what do plants use proton gradient for
H+/sucrose transporter moves sucrose against its concentration
gradient
91
The direction of water flow is determined by _____, a quantity that includes the effects of solute
concentration and pressure
water potential
92
water flows from regions of ___ water to potential to ____ water potential
higher, lower
93
if a solution has a high solute concentration, it will have a ___ water potential
low
94
plasmolysis
protoplast shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall as water exits cells
95
cells have ____ water potential than pure water
lower
96
fluid will always move from ___ to ___ pressure
high to low
97
bulk flow is independent/dependent of solute concentration?
independent
98
xylem sap
water and dissolved minerals in xylem
99
long distance transport of water and minerals occurs through ___ in the ___
transpiration, xylem
100
cohesion-tension hypothesis
hypothesis of how xylem sap moves upward through xylem by transpiration
101
rate of transpiration is determined by ___
stomata
102
upper mesophyll layer
palisade layer, elongated and tightly packed cells
103
lower mesophyll layer
spongy mesophyll, loosely arranged cells good for gas circulation
104
bulk flow is driven by differences in
pressure potential
105
bulk flow occurs in
hollow, dead cells
106
bulk flow moves
entire solution, not just solutes or water and is much faster
