Physical and Cognitive

Question 1

What are the primary sex characteristics for male and females?

Answer 1

• male: growth of the testes and penis

- female: ovaries, uterus, and vagina

Question 2

What are the secondary sex characteristics for male and females?

Answer 2

male: changing voice pitch, bread growth, growth of body hair
female: breast development, growth of body hair

Question 3

What are the five stages of sexual maturity?

Answer 3

• stage 1 is the preadolescent stage
• stage 2 includes the first signs of pubertal change
• stages 3 and 4 are the intermediate steps
• stage 5 encompasses the final development of adult characteristics

Question 4

What is menarche?

Answer 4

beginning of menstrual cycles

Question 5

What age does menarche usually occur?

Answer 5

age 12.7

Question 6

Why there a decline in average age of menarche?

Answer 6

along with changes such as an increase in average height for both children and adults, that happened between the mid-18th and mid-19th centuries in Western countries and occurs in developing nations when nutrition and health improve

Question 7

What is sexual development like for boys?

Answer 7

• peak of the growth spurt typically comes fairly late in the sequence of physical development
• development of a beard and the lowering of the voice occur near the end of the sequence
• begin to produce viable sperm some time between ages 12 and 14, usually before they have reached the peak of the growth spurt

Question 8

What happens to girls that physically develop earlier?

Answer 8

• have no more problems with self-esteem/academics, and fewer behavioural problems than their later-developing peers
• They may associate with older teens who show antisocial behaviours, and have problems later on

Question 9

What happens to boys that physically develop earlier?

Answer 9

more positive their body image, the better they do in school, the less trouble they get into, and the more friends they have

Question 10

What is Piaget’s formal operational stage?

Answer 10

• fourth of Piaget’s stages, during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
• ages 11 and older
• includes systemic problem solving, hypothetico-deductive reasoning, and naive idealism

Question 11

what is systemic problem solving?

Answer 11

ability to search methodically for the answers to a problem

Question 12

What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

Answer 12

ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises

Question 13

What is naive idealism?

Answer 13

a mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world

Question 14

What are two characteristics that separate adolescents from younger children?

Answer 14

• Tendency to exaggerate others’ reactions to one’s own behaviour
• Tendency to base decisions on unrealistic ideas about the future

Question 15

What is formal operational reasoning?

Answer 15

characterized by the ability to formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem

Question 16

What does formal operational reasoning help teens do?

Answer 16

enables teens to better understand figurative language (metaphors)

• rates of formal operational thinking increase with education

Question 17

What happens to metacognitive and metamemory skills in adolescents?

Answer 17

• by age 14-15 these skills far exceed younger children
• metacognitive abilities enable teenagers to benefit more from training than young children do
• ability to summarize written text improves gradually, but dramatically during the second half of adolescence

Question 18

What are characteristics of boys who begin sexual activity early?

Answer 18

• Live in poor neighbourhoods with low parental monitoring
• Come from poor families
• Have families who condone sexual activity
• Have lax dating rules
• Are more likely to use alcohol
• Were abused or neglected in childhood

Question 19

What are characteristics of girls who begin sexual activity early?

Answer 19

• Experienced earlier menarche
• Have low interest in school
• Dated at an early age
• Have a history of sexual abuse

Question 20

What are influences of sexual behaviour?

Answer 20

• The greater the number of risk factors, the greater the likelihood that he or she will be sexually active
• Adolescents’ moral beliefs predict sexual activity
• Sexual activity is lower in those who are involved in sports and other activities
• Alcohol is a major contributor to adolescent sex

Question 21

Who has a higher rate of infections, men or women?

Answer 21

Infection rates are among the highest in 15- to 19-year-old females, who have an infection rate of ~18 cases per 1000, more than four times higher than the incidence found in their male peers

Question 22

What is the influence of sexual education?

Answer 22

• No scientific research has shown that abstinence-only sex education programs significantly increase the delay of first intercourse or reduce the prevalence of sexual behaviour in teens
• making condoms available doe snot increase rate of sexual activity but does increase use of condoms by teens
• teens believe that sex education that provides explicit information on topics such as reproduction, birth control, STI/AIDS prevention, relationships, sexual orientation, sexual abuse, and societal beliefs about sexual morals is vitally important and should be provided in our schools

Question 23

What is the influence on children that are born from teenage mothers?

Answer 23

Children born to teenage mothers tend to achieve developmental milestones more slowly than infants of older mothers

Question 24

Teen pregnancy occurs more often:

Answer 24

• If sexual activity started at an early age
• In girls from poor, single-parent, and uneducated families
• If the girl’s mother had an early pregnancy

Question 25

What kinds of families have most pregnancies before age 20?

Answer 25

teenaged girls who are from poor families, single-parent families, or families with relatively uneducated parents, or whose mothers gave birth to them before age 20, pregnancy rates are higher.

Question 26

What are some reasons why teenager wants to use alcohol or drugs?

Answer 26

- Enjoyable activity, a part of being sociable - Way to cope with stress or emotional pain - Heightened levels of sensation-seeking, which interacts with parenting style - Home environments

Question 27

what is average age of first time drug use?

Answer 27

13-14

Question 28

What is a consequence of alcohol use for adolescents?

Answer 28

16- to 19-year-old youth have the third highest rate of impaired driving charges of any age group in Canada

Question 29

What is a significant mental health problem during adolescence?

Answer 29

Eating disorders are among the most significant mental health problems during adolescence

Question 30

What is Bulimia?

Answer 30

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging - Between 1 and 4% of Canadian adolescent girls and young adult women may experience the full syndrome of bulimia

Question 31

What is anorexia nervosa?

Answer 31

an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation - 4 to 18% die of starvation; others die of complications

Question 32

What are the risk factors for developing an eating disorder?

Answer 32

- discrepancy between the person’s internal image of a desirable body and her (or his) perception of her (or his) own body - Emphasis on thinness as a characteristic of attractive women - general tendency toward distorted thinking

Question 33

Is completed suicide higher for males or females? why?

Answer 33

- Completed suicide is about 3½ times higher for adolescent boys than girls in Canada - Girls use methods that are less likely to succeed, such as self-poisoning (have more suicide attempts)

Question 34

T or F: Suicide is the second leading cause of death for Canadian young people aged 15-19

Answer 34

true

Question 35

What kind of medication is for depression and suicide?

Answer 35

- medical treatment more focused on treatment of depression associated with suicidal behaviour - Antidepression drugs (SSRIs/SNRIs - selective serotonin [and noradrenalin] reuptake inhibitors) were used in children and teens until recent studies linked them with increased suicidal ideation, attempts and risk of suicide and hostile aggression in these young populations

Question 36

What is the first nations youth suicide crisis?

Answer 36

- suicide rate for First Nation and Inuit peoples in Canada is 6 and 11 times higher, respectively, than for non-Aboriginal people - Suicide and self-inflicted injury is the leading cause of death (38%) for Aboriginal children 10 to 19 years of age

Question 37

What can reduce amount of suicides in First Nations youth?

Answer 37

factors that promote cultural continuity

Question 38

What are task goals?

Answer 38

- based on personal standards and a desire to become more competent - Associated with greater sense of personal control and positive attitudes about school

Question 39

What are ability goals?

Answer 39

- define success in competitive terms | Students may adopt relative standards – good means beating someone else

Question 40

When does task and ability goals occur?

Answer 40

Most 5th graders have task goals, but by 6th grade most have switched to ability goals

Question 41

What are the gender differences in achievement?

Answer 41

- Girls perform better than boys in reading skills - Boys outperform girls in math skills - No differences are seen in science scores

Question 42

What are the outcomes associated with acheivement?

Answer 42

- Higher achievers were more satisfied with school and had better relationships with both schoolmates and parents - Lower achievers were moderately associated with high-risk behaviours such as smoking, drinking, and using marijuana

Question 43

What is skipping class associated with?

Answer 43

- Involvement in high risk behaviours - Lower levels of academic achievement - Strained relationship with parents

Question 44

Achievement is associated with:

Answer 44

- Parents who have high aspirations for them | - An authoritative parenting style

Question 45

what is leaving school early associated with?

Answer 45

- Low-S E S (socioeconomic status) families (especially with a single parent) - Lack of psychological support for academic achievement - Peer influence - Less involvement in clubs, sports, etc.

Question 46

How many hours working a week can be detrimental to grades and stress levels?

Answer 46

- Working more than 15-20 hours per week is detrimental to high school students' grades and increases personal stress

Question 47

What are the benefits of positive work experiences?

Answer 47

increased feelings of competence and efficacy