Physical and Cognitive in PRESCHOOL Flashcards
(21 cards)
Obesity
•A body weight more than 20 percent higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height.
Myelin
•Protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons, which speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along the brain cells and adds brain weight.
Lateralization
•The process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other.
•The two halves of the brain become more specialized.
Handedness
•The preference of using one hand over the other.
Piaget’s Pre-operational stage
(age 2 to age 7)
•Stage in which a child’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.
+seeing moms keys, a child may ask “go to store?” using keys as a symbol for a car ride. start to understand the world around them.
•The ability to use a mental symbol, word, or object to stand for something not physically present.
Operations
•Still not capable of operations
•Organized, formal, logical mental processes.
Centration
•The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects.
•What you see is what you think.
— Just because a row of buttons is longer, doesn’t mean it has more buttons.
— They think if you put a dog mask on a cat, it should in theory become a dog.
Conservation
•The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.
•Learning that appearances are deceiving.
— Most kids this age think the tall skinny glass has more juice than the short wide glass.
Transformation
•The process in which one state is changed into another.
Egocentric Thought
•Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others.
— Children literally CAN NOT see another persons perspective, that’s why they seem so “arrogant”
Intuitive Thought
( 4-7, curiosity blooms)
•Thinking that reflects preschoolers’ use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world.
— “little geniuses” they think they know everything about everything, and there is no logical basis for this confidence.
— asks “why” to everything
— they have the final word, mini sheriff
Autobiographical Memory
•Memories about one’s own life
—Not very accurate before the age of 3, increases through preschool years.
Scripts
•Broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur.
— From a few steps, talk to server, food, eat - - -> get in car, being seated, choosing, ordering, waiting, eating, paying.
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
•Defined as the level at which children can ALMOST, but not fully, perform independently, but can with help.
— Children’s cognitive abilities increase through exposure to information that is new enough to be intriguing, but not so difficult to deal with.
—For cognitive development to occur, new information must be presented by someone more competent WITHIN the ZPD.
Scaffolding
•The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth.
—Assistance or structuring provided by others.
—Removed once the child can solve the problem on their own.
Syntax
•The way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences.
—Sentence length increases steadily.
Fast Mapping
•Instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter.
Grammar
•The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed.
Private Speech
•Speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves.
— Vygotsky suggests it’s used to guide behavior and thought.
—They can try out ideas, acting as a soundboard. Our internal dialogue, just outside until they can regulate their emotions.
Pragmatics
•The aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others.
—Turn taking, sticking to a topic, what should or shouldn’t be said, when different language should be used, and “thank you’s”
Social Speech
•Speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person.
—Often become frustrated when they cannot make themselves understood.
