Physical and Human Resources

Question 1

Human Health Resources

Answer 1

Defined by the WHO as all people engaged in actions whose primary intent is to enhance health. Health workforce is another way to refer to HHR.

Question 2

Health Human Resources Management (HHRM)

Answer 2

The process of planning, attracting, developing, and retaining the human resources (employees) of an organization.

Question 3

Health Care System Building Blocks

Answer 3

1) Service Delivery
2) Health Workforce
3) Information
4) Medical Products, Vaccines, and Technologies
5) Financing
6) Leadership/Governance

Question 4

Value of Investing in HHR

Answer 4

1) Improved Health Outcomes
2) Global Health Security
3) Economic Growth

Question 5

Improved Health Outcomes

Answer 5

Health workers drive health systems to deliver healthcare services.

Question 6

Global Health Security

Answer 6

Skilled health workers improve health systems resilience and responsiveness.

Question 7

Economic Growth

Answer 7

A community’s productivity is greater when it is healthy.

Question 8

Types of Healthcare Organizations

Answer 8

1) Hospitals
2) Long-Term Care
3) Rehabilitations Facilities
4) Physician Offices and Clinics
5) Offices and Clinics of Other Health Practitioners
6) Health and Allied Services
7) Medical and Dental Laboratories

Question 9

Key Activities of HHRM

Answer 9

1) Workforce Planning
2) Recruitment
3) Compensation and Benefits
4) Employee and Labour Relations
5) Government Compliance
6) Training, Development, and Retention
7) Health, Safety, and Security

Question 10

The Purpose of HHRM Planning

Answer 10

1) People (sufficient workforce to meet healthcare needs)
2) Place (workforce distributed where services are needed)
3) Time (availability aligns with patient demand)
4) Skills (competencies match healthcare requirements)
5) Motivations and Attitudes (engaged and committed workforce)
6) Cost (sustainable and efficient resource allocation)
7) Care (effective and culturally appropriate services)

Question 11

Current Strengths of Canadian Healthcare

Answer 11

1) Universal access to care.
2) Effectiveness of treatment.
3) Continuous advancement in technology.

Question 12

Current Issues Facing Canadian Healthcare

Answer 12

1) Financial Crunch
2) Labour and Talent Shortages
3) Scientific Advancement
4) Assessing and Applying Information

Question 13

Recruitment

Answer 13

The process of finding, screening, hiring, and onboarding qualified job candidates.

Question 14

Challenges With Regards to Recruitment

Answer 14

1) A growing number of healthcare professionals are retiring.
2) Aging population requiring care.
3) Fewer younger people are choosing the profession.
—> Shift in view of profession from high tech to low tech.
—> Shift from a secure and prestigious profession to chaotic and unstable.
—> Shift from mass-production society to information society that makes the 24/7 schedule demands less attractive.

Question 15

Why Do Healthcare Workers Quit Their Jobs?

Answer 15

1) Chronic Understaffing
2) Subpar Working Conditions
3) Heavy Workload
4) Poor Management
5) Lack of Support
6) Low Pay
7) Work-Life Imbalance
8) Burnout
9) Workplace Culture
10) Limited Career Growth Opportunities

Question 16

Retention

Answer 16

Refers to the strategies organizations use to prevent employees from leaving.

Question 17

Hospital History in Canada

Answer 17

Hospital Construction Grants (1948) → Reduction in Funding → Hospital Closures ← a result of the provincial government trying to cut costs since the federal government cut funding

Question 18

What Do You Need To Operate a Hospital?

Answer 18

1) Health Care Workers (doctors, nurses, pharmacists, diagnostic)
2) Other Personnel (cleaners, receptionists, maintenance workers)
3) Technology (identification tracking, forms, diagnostic equipment)
4) Funding

Question 19

Pros of Telemedicine

Answer 19

1) Accessibility for patients.
2) Reduced wait times.

Question 20

Cons of Telemedicine

Answer 20

1) Lack of rapport (lack of close relationship, how well does the doctor know the patient?).
2) Connectivity issues.

Question 21

Health Systems Overall Goals/Outcomes

Answer 21

1) Improve Health (Level and Equity)
2) Responsiveness
3) Social and Financial Risk Protection
4) Improved Efficiency

Question 22

Profession

Answer 22

An activity or job that is controlled by the members of that profession ex. doctors need to have a medical license from their associated college in order to practice. Examples of professions are doctors, nurses, pharmatics, dentists, lawyers, and teachers.

Question 23

Occupation

Answer 23

An activity or job that is not controlled by the members of that occupation ex. waiters and cleaners.

Question 24

Medical Act in Ontario

Answer 24

Identified which individuals are allowed to practice medicine ex. what levels of education and certifications you need to become a doctor.

Question 25

Flexner Report

Answer 25

Flexner recorded how various medical schools taught medicine and saw that it was very inconsistent. Resulted in curriculum being consolidated and had required courses. Many medical schools closed and universities became the dominant form of medical education. Result, it became very expensive and selective.

Question 26

Gold Era of Medical Dominance

Answer 26

Doctors had complete say on everything as long as they were certified. They also had high social status.

Question 27

Nursing Profession Stages

Answer 27

0) Started as an option for single women to take care of themselves financially. Women are naturally caring and empathic so they will fit the role of nurse. Nurses would be lower than doctors and carry out their orders. 1) Professionalization (are certain skills and knowledge required to be a nurse). 2) Unionization (new nurses with lots of education vs old nurses with lots of experience). 3) Proletarianization (nursing has become more structured and itemized, disregarding emotional care of nursing). 4) Deskilling (some of their roles are being transferred to other people due to the manager saving costs ex. personal care workers changing patient’s band-aids instead of nurses since they can be paid less).

Question 28

Proletarianization

Answer 28

When one who is an employer or has lots of professional autonomy becomes an employee for an employer (a loss of professional autonomy).

Question 29

Pharmacists

Answer 29

Lower SES than doctors but provided the same services. Agreement with doctors and dispensed drugs. The Pharmacy Act was established in 1870 in Quebec and in 1871 in Ontario (doctors would prescribe medicine and pharmacists would make and sell them). Current trends are decline in pharmacist-owned community pharmacies, expansion in the scope of practice, and feminization.

Question 30

Midwifery (Pre 20th Century)

Answer 30

Mostly lay midwives and community midwives.

Question 31

Midwifery (1912)

Answer 31

Midwifery is largely outlawed in Canada. Rural/remote areas continue to offer midwifery services.

Question 32

Midwifery (1990s)

Answer 32

Midwifery is recognized in Canada and midwifery education programs open up in Canada. Was first legalized in Ontario.

Question 33

Midwives in Canada

Answer 33

Are primary care providers. Continuity of care. Women’s focused profession. Allows choice of birthplace (home, hospital, or birthing center). Good care outcomes (less medical interventions). Low retention rate (work/life balance).

Question 34

Shortages of HCPs In Canada

Answer 34

1) Supply 2) Distribution 3) Retention

Question 35

Internationally Educated Health Professionals (IEHPs) In Canada

Answer 35

1) 27% Physicians 2) 9-10% Nurses 3) 22% Physiotherapists 4) 34% Pharmacists

Question 36

Brain Drain

Answer 36

Taking away educated professionals from other countries.

Question 37

Canada’s Brain Waste

Answer 37

Many Internationally Educated Healthcare Professionals who come to Canada cannot find suitable jobs. Medicine is the hardest to get into for IMGs. Barriers are licensure, language, cultural competence, and residency spots.

Question 38

Ways to Improve Retention

Answer 38

1) Flexible working arrangements. 2) Support at the workplace. 3) Leave of absence and return to work. 4) Cultural shift in values.

Question 39

Health Human Resources Policy

Answer 39

1) Supply 2) Distribution 3) Mix

Question 40

Supply

Answer 40

The number of health care professionals.

Question 41

Distribution

Answer 41

Location and relocation.

Question 42

Mix

Answer 42

The provision of specific services.

Question 43

Human Resources Policy Directions

Answer 43

1) Supply of health care providers. 2) More effective use of skill. 3) Creating healthy, supported, learning workplaces. 4) More effective planning and forecasting.