PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
A property that does not affect the chemical identity of a compound
A
Physical Property
2
Q
It can be observed and measured without changing a compounds composition of matter
A
Physical property
3
Q
It is any substance that has mass and can occupy space
A
Matter
4
Q
Two types of physical property
A
Intensive or intrinsic
Extensive or extrinsic
5
Q
It is independent which means it do not depend on the amount or size of material or sample
A
Intensive or intrinsic
6
Q
Example of intensive or intrinsic property
A
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
7
Q
It is dependent on the amount or size of the sample
A
Extensive or extrinsic property
8
Q
Example of extensive or extrinsic property
A
Height
Weight
Length
Volume
9
Q
It is affected by gravity with the formula of mass times the pool of gravity
A
Weight
10
Q
It is the amount of matter in an object
A
Mass
11
Q
It takes to account gravitational force
A
Weight
12
Q
Unit of force
A
Newton
13
Q
It is a type of force where boiling points are dependent on the mass of the molecule
A
Intermolecular forces
14
Q
It is a type of force where solubility is dependent
A
Intermolecular force
15
Q
The strength of the interaction between molecules is also dependent on the overall shape of the molecule
A
Intermolecular forces
16
Q
It is between molecules which means physical properties depend on the attraction of the molecules
A
Intermolecular forces
17
Q
Two liquids being mixed
A
Miscibility
18
Q
What shape does attraction is higher
A
Elongated
19
Q
What shape does attraction is lower
A
Spherical due to smaller surface area
20
Q
It is within the molecule or interatomic
A
Intramolecular force
21
Q
It is within the molecule or interatomic
A
Intramolecular force
22
Q
It holds the atom together within the molecule
A
Intramolecular force
23
Q
Three types of intermolecular forces by decreasing strengths
A
Hydrogen bonding
Diple dipole
London dispersion
24
Q
Is a complex interaction that includes dipole dipole as well as orbital interactions and the transfer of electrons density between molecules
A
Hydrogen bonding
25
These are the strongest of the IMFs
Hydrogen bonding
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Energy range of hydrogen bonding
5 to 25 kJ/mol
27
It bounced a more electronegative element a specifically to the lone pairs including oxygen fluorine chlorine
Hydrogen bonding
28
It forms a special dipole force
Hydrogen bonding
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This force arise from the attraction of opposite the charge atoms other than hydrogen in molecules
Diple dipole
30
These molecules may have a permanent dipole moment
Dipole dipole
31
Generally in organic molecules the result from the presence of C-X bonds where x is more electronegative to that of C
Dipole dipole
32
These are generally weaker than hydrogen bonding but stronger than London dispersion
Dipole dipole
33
Dipole dipole energy range from
5 to 10 kJ/mol
34
It is a dipole dipole that do not displaced easily
Permanent dipole moment
35
Two polar molecules are involved under dipole-dipole force
Permanent dipole - permanent dipole
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Permanent dipole - permanent dipole is also known as
Keesom
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One polar and nonpolar molecule under dipole-dipole for
Permanent dipole- induced dipole
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Permanent dipole - induce dipole is also known as
Debye
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2 nonpolar molecules under dipole-dipole force
Induced dipole - induced dipole
40
Induced dipole - induced dipole it's also known as
London dispersion Force
Instantaneous dipole - induced dipole
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Forces arises from the movement of electrons within a molecule
London dispersion
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These natural motion can produce an uneven distribution of the electrons or polarization of the distribution resulting in a temporary dipole moment in the molecule
London dispersion
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This will induce the movement of electrons in adjacent molecules producing a dipole moment in them
London this person
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This ____ dipole moments are very brief as they disappear when the electrons move to new locations within the molecule so the forces are very brief and weak
Induced
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London dispersion energy range from
2-5kJ/mol
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London dispersion is under what force
Vander Waals
47
These are weak interactions between molecules
Vander Waals
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The strength of the IMF depend on the amount of____between the molecules especially for dispersion forces
Contact
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Molecules with polar functional groups have a____
Higher boiling points
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The ___ of the molecule can affect the surface area of contact
Shape
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____molecules have more surface in contact than_____
Long thin
Spherical molecules
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Polar molecules have____boiling point
Higher
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Nonpolar molecules have____boiling point
Lower
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Molecules with higher_____have higher_____
Molecular masses
Melting point boiling point and density
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Longer length of carbon chains takes time to
Dissociate
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Molecules with _______have lower boiling point and density than it's straight chain isomer
Branch chains
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______isomers have greater surface area in contact with each other
Straight-chain
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_____have greater attractive force among the molecules
Straight chain isomers
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Larger molecules have
Higher boiling and melting points
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Solvents that is______;Smaller hydrocarbon component and/or more charge hydrogen bonding, and other polar groups will tend to increase the solubility
Polar
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The greater the carbon in solubility
Lower the solubility in water
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It is almost a certainly water soluble unless it has a large nonpolar group in which case it will most likely be soluble in the form of micelles like a soap or detergent
Charge group such as ammonium carboxylate and phosphate
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Any functional group that can donate a_______the water such as alcohols and amines will significantly contribute to water solubility
Hydrogen bond
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Any functional group that can only accept a hydrogen bond from water such as____,____,_____Will have a somewhat smaller but still significant effect on water solubility
Ketones, aldehydes, ethers
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Other functional groups that contribute to polarity such as_____,____,____we'll meet a small contribution to water solubility
Alkyl halides, thiols, sulfides
66
Our processes in which non-covalent interactions between identical molecules in a pure sample are disrupted
Boiling and melting point
67
The stronger the________interactions, The more energy is required in the form of heat to break them apart
Noncovalent
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Boiling points of ______increase in compounds as their molecular weights increase because of the increase in van der Waals force
Compounds of homologous series
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It lowers the boiling point because it reduces the area of contact
Branching
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Chemical reaction occurs when one substance is converted into another substance
Chemical properties
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A chemical reaction is accompanied by breaking of some bonds and making of some others
Chemical properties
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It is defined as a detailed knowledge of the steps involved in a process in which the reactant molecules change into products
Reaction mechanism
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Chemical reactions involve_____of one or more of the existing chemical bonds in reactant molecules and______of new bands leading to products
Breaking
Formation
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The breaking of a covalent bond is known as
Bond fission
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During____/_____The two shared electrons can be distributed equally or unequally between the two bonded atoms
Bond breaking or bond fission
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The vision of a covalent bond with equal sharing of bonding electrons
Homolytic fission
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It is where free radicals are neutral but reactive species have an unfaired electron and this can also initiate a chemical reaction
Homolytic fission
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The fission of a covalent bond involving an equal sharing of bonding electrons
Heterolytic fission
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This type of bond fission results in the formation of ions
Heterolytic fission
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The ion which has a positive charge on the carbon atom is known as
Carbonium ion or carbocation
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An ion with a negative charge on the carbon atom is known as
Carbanion
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The charge species obtained by the heterolithic fission initiate chemical reactions and they are classified as
Electrophiles and nucleophiles
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It is an electron deficient species and it may be positively charged or neutral
Electrophiles
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Examples of these are H+, AlCl3, Br2, Cl2, Ag+, CH+3, BF3
Electrophiles
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It is a negatively charged or electron rich neutral species
Nucleophiles
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Examples of these are OH-, -NO2+, H2O, NH3
Nucleophiles
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Types of reactions in organic compounds
Substitution
Elimination
Addition
Molecular rearrangements
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Reaction involves the displacement of one atom or group in a molecule by another atom or group
Substitution reaction
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Under substitution reaction aliphatic compounds undergo
Nucleophilic substitution reactions
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It is a type of substitution reaction where an electrophilic reagent attacks the aromatic ring because the latter is electron rich
Aromatic hydrocarbons
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It is a reaction that is characterized by the removal of a small molecule from adjacent carbon atoms and the formation of a double bond
Elimination
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Proceeds with a fundamental change in the hydrocarbon skeleton of the molecule
Molecular rearrangements
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During these reaction an atom or group migrates from one position to another
Molecular rearrangements
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And saturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes are extremely reactive towards a wide variety of reagents. The carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene contains two types of bonds. While in all kinds a three-carbon carbon bonds
Addition
