Physical Culture, Sport, Ethnicity, and Race in Canada

Question 1

Understanding Individual Characteristics:

Answer 1

Characteristics such as gender, height, skin color, nationality, ancestry, and eye color differentiate individuals.

Question 2

The Social Construction of Race and Ethnicity: definitions

Answer 2

Race: Socially constructed distinctions based on physical or genetic traits (e.g., skin color, hair type).
Ethnicity: Cultural characteristics shared by a social group (e.g., customs, language, beliefs).

Question 3

Individual Characteristics Impact on Identity and Social Interactions:

Answer 3

Individual characteristics are reshaped by experiences and social contexts.
How people “do” their lives influences their identity and societal perceptions

Question 4

Social Markers of Difference:

Answer 4

Race and ethnicity are socially constructed markers that impact how individuals perceive each other and form social groups.
Example: Race - distinctions based on skin color, hair type, and facial features.

Question 5

Race and Ethnicity Influence on Personal and Group Identity:

Answer 5

Personal actions are shaped by socially constructed understandings of race and ethnicity.
These actions reinforce or challenge personal and group identities.

Question 6

Race and Ethnicity Role in Physical Culture and Sport:

Answer 6

Participation in sports and physical activities influences racial and ethnic identities.
Examples: South Asian youth participating in culturally-rooted activities; Black male students emulating NBA players.

Question 7

Race

Answer 7

Refers to socially constructed distinctions based on physical or genetic traits.
Examples: White or Caucasian, Black or African Canadian, Asian, Hispanic, Aboriginal.

Question 8

Ethnicity:

Answer 8

Refers to cultural characteristics shared by a social group.
Examples: Customs, language, beliefs, history.

Question 9

Social Hierarchies and Power Dynamics:

Answer 9

Society identifies some groups as more powerful or superior.
Existence of minority groups and racism highlights power imbalances.

Question 10

Differences between race and Ethnicity

Answer 10

Race: to categorize people into social groups based on skin colour and physical features
Ethnicity: categorize into shared cultural idenity, lanuage trations and customs

Question 11

simularities between Race and Ethnicity

Answer 11

Both are social constructs used to categorize and characterize distinct populations

Question 12

Race Logic Defined:

Answer 12

Presumes a connection between physical traits and attributes like intelligence and skills.
Examples: Asians presumed diligent and studious, Black athletes considered naturally suited for sports

Question 13

Race Logic in Sports:

Answer 13

Used to explain the successes and failures of athletes based on race.
Black athletes: Natural talent; White athletes: Hard work and practice.

Question 14

Critique of Race Logic:

Answer 14

Ignores cultural and structural explanations.
Perpetuates stereotypes and limits opportunities based on race.

Question 15

RACE LOGIC (ON MIDTERM

Answer 15

Presumes a connection between physical traits and attributes like intelligence and skills.
Examples: Asians presumed diligent and studious, Black athletes considered naturally suited for sports
Used to explain the successes and failures of athletes based on race.
Black athletes: Natural talent; White athletes: Hard work and practice.
Ignores cultural and structural explanations.
Perpetuates stereotypes and limits opportunities based on race.

Question 16

Multiculturalism and Legislation:
and challenges

Answer 16

Long history of unequal ethnic relations.
Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous peoples; Anglophones and Francophones; new Canadians.
1988 Canadian Multiculturalism Act ensures cultural diversity.
Recognition of the rights of Indigenous peoples and new immigrants.
Challenges and Inequities:
Ongoing struggles for self-determination and human rights by Indigenous peoples.
Systemic discrimination and the need for more inclusive policies.

Question 17

1988 Canadian Multiculturalism Act ensures cultural diversity. what did it do
(ON EXAM)

Answer 17

Recognition of the rights of Indigenous peoples and new immigrants.

Question 18

Power Relations in Canadian sport

Answer 18

Sport reflects broader social power dynamics.
Examples: Dominance of white European heritage in mainstream sports.

Question 19

Representation and Inclusion in Canadian Sport

Answer 19

Underrepresentation of minority groups in sports administration and coaching.
Initiatives like the Rooney Rule to address these disparities.

Question 20

Impact on Identity in Canadian Sport

Answer 20

Sports participation shapes and reinforces racial and ethnic identities.
Examples: Professional sports leagues’ efforts to diversify.

Question 21

Alternative Sporting Opportunities:

Answer 21

Created by and for racial and ethnic groups outside the mainstream.
Examples: Indigenous games, ethnic sports leagues.

Question 22

Benefits of Segregated Sports

Answer 22

Provides a space free from racism and stereotyping.
Allows marginalized groups to define their own sports traditions.

Question 23

Challenges and Recognition of Non-Whitestream Race- and Ethnic-Structured Sport Systems

Answer 23

Often lack the financial and material rewards of mainstream sports.
Importance of recognizing and supporting these sport systems

Question 24

3 ethnicity and race theory (ON EXAM SENARIO WHICH ONE IS REPESENTED)

Answer 24

Marginality Theory:
Ethnicity Theory:
Critical Race Theory

Question 25

Marginality Theory:

Answer 25

Explains differences in sports participation due to economic barriers. Example: Low-income minority youth with limited access to sports.

Question 26

Ethnicity Theory:

Answer 26

Highlights cultural norms and values influencing sports participation. Example: South Asian Canadians and the popularity of cricket.

Question 27

Critical Race Theory:

Answer 27

Examines race and racism in sport. Focuses on systemic discrimination and the centrality of race.

Question 28

Indigenous Peoples and Sport in Canada

Answer 28

Historical Challenges: Colonial policies and the impact of residential schools on Indigenous sports. Assimilation efforts through Euro-Canadian sports. Revitalization of Traditional Sports: Efforts to preserve and promote traditional Indigenous games. Examples: Arctic Winter Games, North American Indigenous Games. Role of Sport in Reconciliation: Sport as a tool for healing and cultural revitalization. TRC Calls to Action related to Indigenous sport.

Question 29

Francophones and Sport in Canada

Answer 29

Historical Underrepresentation: Francophones historically underrepresented in elite sports. 1976 Montreal Olympics as a turning point. Language and Identity: Importance of French language in shaping Francophone identities. Structural Changes: Efforts to ensure bilingualism in sport services. 2003 Physical Activity and Sport Act and its impact.

Question 30

What strategies can be implemented to address systemic racism and promote inclusivity in Canadian sports?

Answer 30

Make sure that everyone of any race has the opperunity and the funding and able to go and parcipate in sports

Question 31

Historical Use of Indigenous Mascots:

Answer 31

Examples: NFL's Washington Redskins, MLB's Cleveland Indians. Roots in racial stereotypes and caricatures. Harmful Effects: Negative impact on Indigenous identity and self-esteem. Reinforces discriminatory attitudes and practices. Calls for Change: Movements to retire racist mascots and team names

Question 32

Colonial Impact on Indigenous Sport:

Answer 32

Assimilation policies through Euro-Canadian sports. Residential schools and the suppression of traditional games. Resistance and Revitalization: Indigenous efforts to preserve and promote traditional sports. Examples: Arctic Winter Games, North American Indigenous Games. Cultural Significance of Traditional Sports: Reinforces cultural identity and community cohesion. Provides a platform for resistance and resilience.

Question 33

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and Sport

Answer 33

TRC Calls to Action: Specific recommendations related to sport. Examples: Supporting Aboriginal sport systems, promoting inclusion. Role of Sport in Reconciliation: Sport as a tool for healing and cultural revitalization. Importance of recognizing and addressing historical injustices. Implementing the Calls to Action: Steps for sports organizations to support TRC recommendations. Examples: Funding, cultural awareness programs, inclusive policies.

Question 34

Sport and Cultural Identity Among Immigrants Integration Through Sport, and cultural preservation

Answer 34

Sport as a means of social integration for immigrants. Examples: Community sports leagues, multicultural sports events. Cultural Preservation: Maintaining cultural practices through sports. Examples: Cricket among South Asian communities, soccer among Latin American immigrants. Barriers to Participation: Economic, social, and cultural barriers. Examples: Lack of access to facilities, language barriers, cultural differences.

Question 35

Gender, Race, and Intersectionality in Sport

Answer 35

Intersectionality Defined: Concept of intersecting social identities and related systems of oppression. Examples: Gender, race, class, sexuality. Impact on Sports Participation: How intersecting identities affect access and experiences in sports. Examples: Challenges faced by women of color, LGBTQ+ athletes. Promoting Inclusive Practices: Strategies to address intersectional inequalities. Examples: Inclusive policies, representation, allyship.

Question 36

Strategies for Promoting Diversity and Inclusion in Sport

Answer 36

Education and Training: Importance of cultural competence and anti-racism training. Examples: Workshops, seminars, ongoing education programs. Inclusive Policies and Practices: Implementing policies that promote diversity and equity. Examples: Equal access initiatives, anti-discrimination policies. Community Engagement: Building partnerships with diverse communities. Examples: Collaborative events, community outreach programs.

Question 37

Case Study: The Rooney Rule in the NFL

Answer 37

Overview of the Rooney Rule: Introduced in 2003 to address lack of minority coaches. Requires NFL teams to interview at least one minority candidate for head coaching positions. Impact and Criticisms: Increased diversity in coaching positions but criticized as superficial. Examples of successes and shortcomings. Lessons for Other Sports Organizations: Importance of commitment to diversity beyond formal policies. Need for comprehensive strategies to support minority candidates.

Question 38

Addressing Racism in Canadian Hockey

Answer 38

Racist incidents and systemic barriers in hockey. Examples: Racist taunts, underrepresentation of minority players. Current Initiatives: Programs and policies to combat racism in hockey. Examples: Hockey Diversity Alliance, anti-racism campaigns. Moving Forward: Strategies for creating an inclusive hockey culture. Importance of education, representation, and accountability.

Question 39

Barriers to Diversity in Sport

Answer 39

Economic Barriers: High costs of participation, equipment, and travel. Example: Limited access to expensive sports like hockey and golf. Social and Cultural Barriers: Discrimination, lack of representation, and cultural differences. Example: Underrepresentation of minority groups in certain sports. Structural Barriers: Systemic issues within sports organizations and policies. Example: Lack of inclusive policies and support systems.

Question 40

The Role of Media in Shaping Perceptions of Race and Ethnicity in Sport

Answer 40

Media Influence: Role of media in shaping public perceptions of athletes. Examples: Positive and negative portrayals of minority athletes. Challenges of Representation: Underrepresentation and stereotypical portrayals. Impact on the visibility and recognition of minority athletes. Promoting Accurate and Inclusive Representation: Strategies for media organizations. Examples: Diverse reporting teams, inclusive storytelling.

Question 41

The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Diversity on Team Dynamics

Answer 41

Benefits of Diversity: Enhanced creativity, problem-solving, and performance. Examples: Diverse teams achieving success in various sports. Challenges and Conflicts: Potential for misunderstandings and conflicts. Examples: Cultural differences and communication barriers. Strategies for Building Cohesive Teams: Promoting inclusivity and understanding within teams. Examples: Team-building activities, cultural competence training.

Question 42

Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Sports Leadership

Answer 42

Current Landscape: Underrepresentation of minority groups in leadership positions. Examples: Statistics on diversity in sports organizations. Barriers to Leadership: Systemic barriers and biases that limit opportunities. Examples: Lack of mentorship, networking opportunities, and inclusive policies. Strategies for Promoting Diversity in Leadership: Initiatives to support and advance minority leaders. Examples: Mentorship programs, diversity hiring practices, leadership development

Question 43

Historical and Current Initiatives for Diversity in Canadian Sport

Answer 43

Historical Efforts: Early initiatives to promote inclusion. Examples: Efforts to integrate Indigenous sports, policies for multicultural engagement. Current Initiatives: Modern programs and policies aimed at increasing diversity. Examples: Canadian Multiculturalism Act, funding for diverse sports programs. Impact and Outcomes: Assessing the effectiveness of these initiatives. Examples: Increased participation rates, more inclusive sports environments.

Question 44

Case Studies of Successful Integration and Inclusion

Answer 44

Case Study 1: Toronto Raptors Efforts to promote diversity and inclusion. Examples: Community engagement, diverse leadership. Case Study 2: Vancouver Canucks Inclusive programs and initiatives. Examples: Indigenous Night, anti-racism campaigns. Lessons Learned: Key takeaways from successful case studies. Examples: Importance of community involvement, consistent efforts.

Question 45

Community-Based Sports Programs

Answer 45

Role in Promoting Diversity: How community programs support diverse participation. Examples: Local leagues, after-school sports activities. Inclusive Program Features: Key elements of successful community sports programs. Examples: Affordable access, culturally relevant activities. Impact on Local Communities: Benefits of community-based sports programs. Examples: Increased engagement, improved social cohesion.

Question 46

What are the key elements that make community-based sports programs effective in promoting diversity and inclusion? (ON EXAM)

Answer 46

Affordable Culturally Relevant Welcoming

Question 47

Future Directions for Diversity and Inclusion in Sport

Answer 47

Emerging Trends: Innovations and trends in promoting diversity. Examples: Virtual sports programs, global collaboration. Long-Term Goals: Vision for a more inclusive sports environment. Examples: Universal access, equity in leadership. Strategies for Achieving Goals: Actionable steps to promote diversity and inclusion. Examples: Policy development, community engagement, continuous improvement.

Question 48

Key Takeaways

Answer 48

Key Concepts Reviewed: Overview of race and ethnicity in Canadian sports. Summary of critical theories and case studies. Important Lessons: Understanding the impact of diversity and inclusion. Recognizing the challenges and opportunities. Moving Forward: Steps for promoting a more inclusive sports environment. Importance of continued effort and commitment.

Question 49

What is the primary distinction between race and ethnicity as social constructs? a. Race refers to cultural practices, while ethnicity refers to physical traits. b. Race involves physical or genetic traits, while ethnicity includes shared cultural characteristics. c. Race and ethnicity are synonymous in describing social hierarchies. d. Ethnicity excludes historical practices, unlike race

Answer 49

B

Question 50

What are the dangers of relying on race logic in explaining athletic performance? a. It promotes diversity in sports leadership roles. b. It ensures equal opportunities for minority athletes. c. It reinforces stereotypes and overshadows athletes' dedication. d. It acknowledges the cultural relevance of specific sports.

Answer 50

C

Question 51

Why are community-based sports programs essential for promoting diversity? a. They provide high-performance training for athletes from minority groups. b. They ensure affordable, culturally relevant, and inclusive access to sports. c. They eliminate the need for systemic reforms in larger sports organizations. d. They focus exclusively on economic barriers to sports participation.

Answer 51

B

Question 52

What does critical race theory focus on in the context of sports?

Answer 52

a. The economic barriers that limit sports participation. b. The cultural practices that shape group identity in sports. c. The systemic discrimination that affects sports experiences and outcomes. d. The biological factors influencing racial participation in sports.