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Physical Education Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A
  • Support
  • Shape
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Red blood cell production
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2
Q

How do bones give us support?

A

They help keep organs and tissues in place, give back posture

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3
Q

How do bones give us shape

A

Determine our height and build and provides frame to which our muscles attach to

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4
Q

How do bones give us movement?

A

Muscles are attached to bones by tendons, movement occurs when muscles contract and relax creating movement at a joint

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5
Q

How do bones provide protection?

A

Flat Bones provide protection around organs as they are delicate and easily damaged

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6
Q

How does bones give red blood cell production?

A

The centre of some large bones contain red bone marrow, red blood cells are produced from this bone marrow

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7
Q

What is LBB?

A

Ligament, Bone, Bone

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8
Q

What is BMT?

A

Bone, Muscle, Tendon

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9
Q

What are some examples of the flat bones and what do they protect?

A
  • Cranium, protects the brain
  • Ribcage, protects the lungs
  • sternum, protects the heart
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10
Q

What is an example of where red blood cell production occurs?

A

The femur contain lots of bone marrow

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11
Q

What are the three bones in you arm?

A

HRU- Humerus, Radius, Ulna

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12
Q

Collarbone?

A

Clavicle

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13
Q

Shoulder blade?

A

Scapula

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14
Q

3 bones in hands?

A

Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

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15
Q

Spine?

A

Vertebrae

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16
Q

Head?

A

Cranium

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17
Q

Jaw?

A

Mandible

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18
Q

Thigh?

A

Femur

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19
Q

Knee?

A

Patella

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20
Q

Shin?

A

Tibia and Fibula

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21
Q

Ankle?

A

Talus

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22
Q

3 bones in feet?

A

Tarsals, Metatarsals and phalanges

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23
Q

Tailbone?

A

Coccyx

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24
Q

What are the four types of bones?

A
  • Long
    -Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
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25
Q

What are long bones?

A

They are longer than they are wide, provide large range on movements like levers, contain bone marrow for red blood cell production

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26
Q

Example of long bones?

A

Femur, fibula, tibia, humerus, radius, ulna, phalanges and clavicle

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27
Q

What are short bones?

A

Small squat bones, enable fine movement in many different directions and provide support

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28
Q

Examples of short bones?

A

Carpals and tarsals

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29
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Have large surface area for muscles to attach to, important for movement and provide protection for internal organs

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30
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

They provide protection and support and are shaped to suit specific jobs

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31
Q

An example of irregular bones?

A

Vertebrae

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32
Q

What is a joint

A

A point where two or more bones meet

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33
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

Hinge and ball and socket

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34
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Where little or no movements are possible between the flat bones

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35
Q

Where are cartilaginous joints found? What is their movement like?

A

They are found in between the vertebrae and they are freely moveable

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36
Q

What are the most common types of joints in the body?

A

Synovial Joints

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37
Q

What can synovial joints provide?

A

A large range of movement

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38
Q

Where do the synovial joint line and what do they do?

A

THey line the inside of the joint capsule secreting synovial fluid into the cavity

39
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

A lubricant

40
Q

What do lubricants do?

A

To reduce friction for smoother movement reducing wear and tear

41
Q

What is the joint capsule made of? Where is it?

A

It is made of fibre membrane and located just outside the synovial membrane

42
Q

What does the joint capsule do?

A

To protect the inside of the joint and add more structure and to help keep bones in place

43
Q

What are the ligaments main rule?

A

To connect the bones and keep them in place

44
Q

What are cruciate ligaments?

A

Run directly inside the joint at the end of bones, made of strong and flexible material

45
Q

What is main function of cartilage?

A

For shock absorption and to stop bones from knocking together

46
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Connect muscles to bones

47
Q

What is the ball and socket joint?

A

One bone that has a ball/bulge like structure that fits into a socket and onto another bone

48
Q

What does the synovial joint do?

A

Provide wide range of movement but are less sable and more prone to injury

49
Q

What are examples of B&S

A

Hip and shoulder

50
Q

What can hinge joints do?

A

Only move in one direction, they are mores stable- less prone to injury`

51
Q

Example of hinge joint?

A

Elbow and knee

52
Q

Joints that are immoveable and cannot move are called…

A

Fixed/ immovable/ fibrous joints

53
Q

Bones that have a small range of movement as they are connected by ligaments and cartilage are called…

A

Slightly moveable/ cartilaginous joints

54
Q

Most joints in the body- large range of movement are called…

A

Freely moveable synovial joints

55
Q

Example of immoveable joint?

A

Cranium

56
Q

Example o freely moveable joint?

A

Pelvis

57
Q

Example of slightly moveable joint

A

Vertebrae

58
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement of a limb/ limbs/ other parts that move towards the midline of the body

59
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement of limbs/limb or other parts that move away from the midline of the body

60
Q

What is flexion?

A

To bend or be in a bent position- angle decreases

61
Q

What is extension?

A

The angle increases

62
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Moving something in a circular direction

63
Q

What can hinge joints do?

A

Move in one direction- flexion and extension only

64
Q

Thigh muscle?

A

Quadricep group and Hip flexors

65
Q

Shin muscle?

A

Tibialis anterior

66
Q

Ab muscles?

A

Pectorals, abdominals and obliques

67
Q

Shoulder muscles?

A

Deltoids

68
Q

From of the arm muscles?

A

Bicep

69
Q

Back of the arm muscles?

A

Tricep

70
Q

Shoulder balde muscle?

A

Trapezium

71
Q

Spine muscles?

A

Erector Spine

72
Q

Back muscles?

A

LATS- Latissimus dorsi

73
Q

Butt muscle?

A

Gluteals

74
Q

Back of thigh muscles?

A

Hamstring group

75
Q

Back of shin muscles?

A

Gastrocnemius

76
Q

Why do muscles come in pairs?

A

To allow movement in two direction

77
Q

What are a pair of muscles called?

A

Antagonistic muscles

78
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

When one muscle contracts and the other relaxes to create movement

79
Q

What is the agonist?

A

The main mover- contracts to make movement while the antagonist relaxes

80
Q

What is the antagonist muscle?

A

Relaxes while the agonist contracts

81
Q

What are examples of antagonistic pairs?

A
  • Biceps and triceps
  • Hamstrings and quadriceps
  • Hip flexors and gluteals
82
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Extension of the ankle

83
Q

What are the two different ways muscles contract?

A

Isometric and isotonic

84
Q

What is isometrically contracting?

A

Produces force but stays the same length

85
Q

What is isotonic contracting? Example

A

Muscles change length when they contract
Eg. Deltoid- when weight lifting bar above head during weight lifting
or
Scrummaging between two equally matched packs in rugby

86
Q

What is isotonic contracting?

A

Muscles change length when they contract

87
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contracting?

A

Eccentric and concentric

88
Q

What is eccentric contraction? Give an example.

A

When muscles contract and they lengthen
Eg. Quadriceps lengthen when they contract allowing flexion in knee during the downward stage of a squat

89
Q

What is concentric contraction? Give an example.

A

When the muscles contract and shorten
Eg. Triceps shorten when contracting creating extension at elbow when shooting a basketball

90
Q

What are muscle fibres

A

Cells that make up the muscle- contract when the brain tells them to enabling movement

91
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibres?

A

Fast twitch and slow twitch

92
Q

What causes muscle fibres to contract?

A

Electrical pulse from the brain

93
Q

Slow twitch fibres…

A

Are small, produce little force and can continue to work for long periods of time

94
Q

Fast twitch fibres produce…

A

Fair amount of force, contract quickly and powerful, less endurance and tire quickly

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