Physical Exam Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Physical properties of urine
A
Color
Clarity
Specific gracity
2
Q
Normal color of urine
A
Yellow
3
Q
color of urine is due to (3)
A
Urochrome
Urobilin
Uroeythrin
4
Q
chemical primarily responsible for the yellow color of urine
A
Urochrome
5
Q
Urine clarity
A
Clear
Hazy
Cloudy
Turbid
Milky
6
Q
Urine clarity
No visible particulates
A
Clear
7
Q
Urine clarity
Transparent
A
Clear
8
Q
Urine clarity
Few particulates
A
Hazy
9
Q
Urine clarity
Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
A
Hazy
10
Q
Urine clarity
Many particulates
A
Cloudy
11
Q
Urine clarity
Print blurred
A
Cloudy
12
Q
Urine clarity
Print cannot be seen
A
Turbid
13
Q
Urine clarity
Precipitation is present
A
Milky
14
Q
How can you say that the urine is milky
A
Presence of precipitation or clot
15
Q
Ways in measuring specific gravity
A
- refractometer
- urinometer
- harmonic oscillation densitometry
- reagent strip
16
Q
Refractometer measures
A
Refractive index
17
Q
What does refractometer particularly determines
A
Concentration of dissolved particles
18
Q
Determines concentration of dissolved particles by measuring refractive index
A
Refractometer
19
Q
T/F In refractometer, temperature correction is necessary
A
False
20
Q
Refractometer requires correction for
A
Glucose and protein
21
Q
Principle of refractometer
A
Refractive index
22
Q
Principle: Changes in colligative properties by particle number
A
Osmolality
23
Q
Principle: pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present
A
Reagent strip
24
Q
Calibrator for refractometer
A
Potassium sulfate
Distilled water
5% NaCl
9% sucrose
25
Specific gravity of potassium sulfate
1.015
26
Specific gravity of distilled water
1.00
27
Specific gravity of 5% NaCl
1.022
28
Specific gravity of 9% sucrose
1.034
29
1.034
9% sucrose
30
Two types of refractometer
Handheld
Digital
31
Consists of a weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity
Urinometer
32
When using urinometer, how much volume of urine is needed
50 mL
33
When using urinometer, for every ___ Degrees increase, add _____
3 degrees, 0.001
34
Subtract ___ for each gram% of protein present
0.003
35
Subtract ___ for each gram% of glucose present
0.004
36
Calibrating temp of urinometer
20 degrees
37
Less accurate method for specific gravity
Urinometer
38
Principle: frequency of a sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution
Harmonic oscillation densitometer
39
It is affected only by number of particles
Osmolality
40
More representative measure of renal concentrating ability can be obtained by measuring ___
Osmolarity
41
Effect of 1 mole of solute in freezing point
Normal pure water: 0
Lowered 1.86
42
Effect of 1 mole of solute in boiling point
Normal: 100 degrees
Raised 0.52
43
Effect of 1 mole of solute in vapor pressure
Normal: 2.38 mm/Hg
Lowered 0.3 mm/Hg
44
Effect of 1 mole of solute in osmotic pressure
Normal: 0
Increased 1.7
45
As the specific gravity increases, the indicator changes from ___ through shades of ____ to ____
Blue to green to yellow
46
Specific gravity acidic
1.030
47
Intervals for specific gravity
0.005
48
Indicator of specific gravity
Bromthymol blue
49
normal yellow color of urine is produced by
Urochrome
50
presence of bilirubin in a urine specimen produces a
Yellow foam when shaken
51
The presence of a pink precipitate in a refrigerated speci- men is caused by
Uroerythrin
52
Microscopic examination of a clear urine that produces a white precipitate after refrigeration will show
Amorphous phosphate
53
strong odor of ammonia in a urine specimen could indicate
Old spx
54
This pigment is high in thyroid conditions
Urochrome
55
This pigment is evident in refrigerated spx
Uroerythrin
56
Pigment produced by urobilin
Orange brown
57
Orange brown pigment
Urobilin
58
This pigment states a not fresh urine
Urobilin
59
What analyte is present with Amber urine
Bilirubin
60
White foam appears when shaken, which analyte is present
Protein
61
What color:
Phenindione
Orange yellow
62
What color: pyridium
Orange yellow
63
What causes orange yellow urine
Pyridium
Phenindione
64
What color
Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
Yellow green
65
What causes a yellow-green color
Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
66
Pseudomonas inf causes what urine color
Green
67
Green colored urine may be due to
Pseudomonas inf
Asparagus
68
What color
Amitriptyline
Blue-green
69
What color
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Blue green
70
What color
Indican
Blue green
71
Familial hypercalcemia is known as ____ it makes the urine color ____
Blue diaper syndrome
Blue
72
What causes pink urine
RBC (hematuria)
73
What color
Hematuria
Pink
74
Most common abnormal urine color
Red
75
What color
Beets
Red
76
What color
Rifampin
Red
77
Describe the urine of px with hemoglobinuria
Clear red
78
Urine of px with hematuria
Cloudy red / pink
79
How to differentiate hemoglobin from myoglobin
Red plasma = hemoglobin
Clear plasma = myoglobin
80
When the urine became acidic, rbc can be oxidized to ____ which turns the urine to color ____
Methemoglobin
Red brown
81
Color of porphyrins
Port wine
82
What analyte is present with port win urine
Porphyrins
83
What analyte is present with port win urine
Porphyrins
84
Color of urine of px with babesia
Red
85
Homogentisic acid causes ___ urine
Black
86
Melanin or melanoma causes ____ urine
Black
87
Homogentisic acid is a metabolite of ___
Phenylalanine
88
Color of urine of px with alkaptonuria
Yellow to black
89
B complex vitamin causes ___ urine
Dark yellow
90
Clarity of a freshly voided normal urine
Clear
91
Largest cell found in urine
Squamous epithelial cells
92
Pathologic or Non pathologic
Squamous epithelial cells
Non
93
Pathologic or Non pathologic
Fecal contam
Non
94
Pathologic or Non pathologic
Talcum powder
Non
95
Pathologic compound seen in immunocompromised px
Yeast
96
Pathologic compound seen in px infected with Wuchereria bancrofti
Lymph fluid
Lipids
97
Lymph fluid and lipids are found in px infected with
Wuchereria bancrofti
98
Pathologic or Non pathologic
Fecal with fistula
Pathologic
99
Causes a sand- like appearance urine
Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
100
Radiographic contrast media causes the specific gravity of urine to (increase or decrease)
Increase
1.055 to 1.065
101
Amorphous phosphate, carbonates, and urates precipitate at what temp
Ref temp
102
Amorphous phosphate and carbonate causes white precipitation at what pH
Alkaline
103
What causes white precipitation at alkaline pH
Amorphous phosphate and carbonate
104
This causes pink dust at acidic pH
Amorphous urate
105
Amorphous urate causes pink dust precipitate at what pH
Acidic
106
Specific gravity of random urine
1.002 to 1.035
107
Unit of density
Mass per unit volume
108
Unit of specific gravity
None
109
Direct method for specific gravity
Urinometer
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometer
110
Indirect method for specific gravity
Reagent strip
Refractometer
111
Direct or indirect
Urinometer
Direct
112
Direct or indirect
Harmonic oscillation densitometer
Direct
113
Disadvantage of urinometer
Less accurate
Requires large volume
114
In every one grams/dL of glucose, you subtract ____
0.004
115
Calibrating temp for urinometer
20 C
116
Specific gravity
Isosthenuric
1.010
117
SG
Hyposthenuric
<1.010
118
SG
Hypersthenuric
>1.010
119
Specific gravity of 1.010
Isosthenuric
120
Specific gravity of < 1.010
Hyposthenuric
121
Normal odor of urine
Aromatic
122
Odor of px with UTI
Foul ammonia
123
Foul ammonia is due to
UTI
124
Fruity sweet odor can be due to
Ketones
DM
125
Urine odor of px with ketones
Fruity, sweet
126
Tyrosinemia causes ___ odor
Rancid
127
What causes rancid urine
Tyrosinemia
128
What causes sweaty feet odor
Isovaleric acidemia
129
Isovaleric acidemia causes what odor
Sweaty feet
130
Cabbage odor is caused by
Methionine malabsorption
131
Methionine malabsorption turns the urine to smell ___
Cabbage like
132
Contamination causes ___ odor
Bleach
133
Bleach like odor is caused by
Contamination
134
Fecaloid smell is due to
Fistula
135
Fistula causes what odor
Fecaloid
136
Putrid odor is caused by
Necrosis
137
Odor of urine in px with necrosis
Putrid or extreme foul
138
Dried celery odor is caused by
Butyric hydroxic acid
Oast house disease
139
Odor of urine in px with oast house disease
Dried celery odor
140
Tea colored urine is caused by
Myoglobinuria
141
Which formed elements can be insoluble when diluted acetic acid is added
WBC
