Physical Exam & Behavior Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Normal Temp for Cats/Dogs
A
100.5 F to 102.5 F
2
Q
Hyperthermia
A
104 F and higher
3
Q
Causes of Hyperthermia
A
- Diseases
- Neurological injury (stroke)
- Heat Stroke
- Drug toxicity
4
Q
Hyperthermia Results in
A
- Increased tissue O2 reqs
- Vasodilation to release body heat
- Cardiac workload increases
- Damage to vascular cells leading to DIC
- Bounding pulse, tachycardia, & pale gums (slow refill)
5
Q
Interventions for Hyperthermia
A
- Cool compress
- Cool w/ fan
- Temperate bath
- Room temp IV fluids
- Cool water enemas
6
Q
Don’t use for Hyperthermia
A
Ice water, it can cause vasoconstriction which will trap heat in the body, don’t want to cool down too fast
7
Q
Hypothermia
A
99 F or less
8
Q
Causes of Hypothermia
A
- Medication (anesthesia)
- Age (less than 1 month old)
- Environment (left in snow)
9
Q
Hypothermia results in
A
- reduced metabolic rate
- decreased O2 consumption (slower breathing)
- decreased ability of hemoglobin to release O2 to tissue
- peripheral vasconstriction
- decreased heart rate
- hypotension (low blood pressure)
- decreased GI motility
10
Q
Interventions for Hypothermia
A
- warm blankets
- warm water bottles/gloves
- warm IV fluids
- heat lamps (watch animal closely)
- circulating water blanket
11
Q
Don’t use for Hypothermia
A
- heating pads
- stationary heating elements
(get too hot and can cause burns)
12
Q
Pulse
A
A palpable rhythmic expansion of an artery due to contraction of the heart
13
Q
Normal pulse for adult dogs
A
60-160 bpm
14
Q
Normal pulse for Toy breeds
A
60-180 bpm
15
Q
Normal pulse for puppies
A
up to 220 bpm
16
Q
Normal pulse for cats
A
110-220 bpm (not unusual to be higher at the vet, cat’s stressed)
17
Q
Where/how is the pulse taken
A
The usual site is at the femoral artery, count for 15 secs and times by 4 to get bpm (beats per minute)
18
Q
Thready Pulse
A
weak pulse that can be a sign of shock of cardiopulmonary dz
19
Q
Bounding Pulse
A
overly strong pulse that can be a sign of stress, pain, or cardiopulmonary dz
20
Q
Bradycardia
A
Slow heart rate; decrease in cardiac output can cause organ failure or death
21
Q
Causes of Bradycardia
A
- hypothermia
- metabolic diseases
- medications
- hypothroidism
22
Q
Interventions for Bradycardia
A
- ECG
- Thoracic Radiograph for Dx
- Supplement w/ O2
- Chemical (atropine or epinephrine)
23
Q
Tachycardia
A
Fast heart rate; can lead to permanent heart arrhythmia, murmurs, or cardiac failure
24
Q
Causes of Tachycardia
A
- pain
- shock
- stress
- excitement
- febrile (fever)
- medications
25
Interventions for Tachycardia
- find the underlying cause
| - treat the cause appropriately
26
How is respiration measured?
Watch the chest for expansion & contraction for 15 sec x by 4 for rpm (respirations per minute)
Do first for TPR
27
Normal Resp Rate for Cats:
20-30 rpm
28
Normal Resp Rate for Dogs:
15-30 rpm
29
How is panting recorded?
Considered normal in dogs, note if labor
| Not normal in cats
30
Tachypnea
Rapid, shallow breathing
31
Causes of Tachypnea
- obstruction
- pain
- stress
- pulmonary dz
- hyperthermia
- shock
- seen in animals w/ pneumothorax/hemothorax
32
Interventions for Tachypnea
- minimize/decrease stress
- administer O2
- treat shock
- cool temp
33
If there is an obstruction in the upper airway:
- palpate for object
- radiographs to locate if not palpable
- might need to sedate
- remove obstruction
34
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
35
Causes of Dyspnea
- restricted airway
- pneumothorax
- pleural effusion
- upper airway dz (laryngeal paralysis/obstruction)
- lower airway dz (bronchitis, kennel cough)
- diaphragmatic hernia
- CHF (congestive heart failure)
- obesity
- pulmonary dz
36
Interventions for Dyspnea
- administer O2
- IVF
- Chest radiographs
37
Weight should be taken daily because:
it's important for medication calculations & hydration state
38
To convert lbs to kgs:
divide lbs by 2.2 to get kgs and round to 10th place
39
MM
Mucous Membrane
40
Gingival
Gums (most common mucous membrane to check)
41
Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane of the eye
42
Normal MM color is
Pink (light bubble gum pink)
43
Abnormal MM colors
- Cyanotic
- Jaundice/Icteric
- Pale/White
- Erythemic/Hyperemic
44
CRT is
Capillary refill time
45
Normal CRT is
46
To obtain CRT:
Push on gums till they turn white, let go, & count
47
Prolonged CRT is recorded as:
>2 secs
48
Prolonged CRT Causes:
- dehydration
- cardiac dz
- shock
49
If gums are pale or cyanotic w/ prolonged CRT:
Notify vet and administer O2
50
Treatment for CRT:
- measure blood pressure
- ECG
- PCV
- administer fluids
51
Ausculation
Listening to sound within the body w/ means of amplification
52
What two systems is ausculation performed on for small animals?
Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems
53
Bell of stethoscope
smaller curved side, used for GI sounds or neonates
54
Diaphragm of stethoscope
large side, used for listening to cardiovascular or respiratory system
55
Where is the heart listened to?
Left side of the thorax, behind the elbow
56
What is recorded when listening to the heart?
Heart rate and quality
| Count for 15 sec x 4
57
Murmurs
abnormal heart sound generated by blood flow through the heart
murmurs are graded I-VI (by Dr.)
58
Murmurs indicated:
- cardiac dz
- dehydration
- over hydration
59
Arrhythmias
abnormal heart rhythm (can be heard on ausculation or ECG)
60
"Normal" Sinus Arrhythmia
- irregularity due to respiratory cycle
- increases on inspiration, decreases on expiration
- more pronounced under anesthesia
- non pathogenic
61
Pulse Deficit
difference between heart rate and palpable pulse
62
Causes of Pulse Deficit
- lack of circulation
| - heart dz
63
Normal lung sounds:
- nothing or slight air movement
- includes both sides of the chest & trachea
- check for breath quality
64
Stridor
high pitched sound heard on inspiration
65
Stridor can indicate:
something stuck in the throat (upper airway)
66
Crackles
sound like rice crispies, pops & crackles, happens near the end of breathing pattern
67
Rales
crackling, bubbling sound, happens through out the breathing pattern
68
Crackles can indicate:
- asthma
- bronchitis
- pneumonia
69
Rales can indicate:
- bronchitis
- asthma
- pneumonia
70
Bronchi
rattling or snoring sound
71
Bronchi can indicate:
- bronchitis
- asthma
- pneumonia
72
Palpation
Feeling the outside surfaces of the body, to look for tumors, wound, bumps, foreign bodies
73
Palpation of eyes
look for redness
pupils - same size
discharge - one or both eyes
pupilary light reflex
74
Palpation of ears
look for smells/odors
inflamation of pinna
mites (common in cats)
hemtomas
75
Palpation of nose
blood
pus
foamy or clear discharge
76
Palpation of mouth
sores, tumors, teeth, gums, tongue, halatosis
77
Palpation of neck
look for alopecia, hot spots, cervical pain, lymphnodes, lumps & bumps
78
Palpation of extremities (limbs/tail)
look at paws for redness, check nails, check for burrs between toes
79
Palpation of chest/thorax
is hair/coat dry/oily/flaky/dull
alopecia
parasites
80
Palpation of abdomen
check for pain/lumps
81
Palpation of lymph nodes
usually shouldn't feel them
82
Name/location of 5 lymph nodes
submandibular (under chin)
popliteal (back leg above hock)
prescapular (above front leg, near scapula)
axillary (in armpit of front leg)
inguinal (where back leg meets body, near femoral vein)
83
Palpation of reproductive areas
```
cryptorchid, extrude penis (does it extrude)
vulva - redness, discharge
puppies
vaginitis (from over chewing)
pyometra (pus in uterus)
```
84
CVTs need to understand behavior:
- safety of self, vet, owner, animal
- is behavior medical issue or behavioral issue
- client education
- animal advocacy, why behavior is occurring & what it means
85
What are the 5 senses:
sight, sound, taste, smell, touch
86
What sense is most important to dogs/cats for communication?
touch
87
Define Ethology
study of animal behavior in a natural setting
88
Animal behaviorist is:
someone who studies how animals behave & trys to determine what causes certain behavior & what factors prompt behavior changes
89
Anthromorphism is:
attributing human characteristics to anything but humans
90
Factors that influence behavior:
```
maternal status
owner's lifestyle
environmental changes
gender
age
health status
```
91
Agonistic behavior is:
the way an animal reacts to a situation perceived as conflict, choices made when responding to these challenges
92
4 ways animals react to conflict:
escape, submissive/appeasement, threatening, aggression
93
9 types of aggression:
fear, pain-elicited, dominance, territorial, possessive, maternal, protective, predatory, inter-male/female
94
Types of aggression that are normal behavior:
territorial & maternal
